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Chemistry Org/Bio GSU 1152 FALL2024 > Chapter 15 Mostly > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Mostly Flashcards

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1
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

A type of unbranched polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units

Each disaccharide unit is composed of one amino sugar and either one uronic acid or one galactose.

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2
Q

What is the composition of each disaccharide unit in glycosaminoglycans?

A

One amino sugar and either one uronic acid or one galactose

This composition contributes to their structure and function.

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3
Q

What properties do glycosaminoglycans have?

A

Very polar and negatively charged

These properties allow them to attract water and provide cushioning or lubrication.

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4
Q

Where is keratan sulfate found in the body?

A

In the cornea of the eye, cartilage, bone, and the horns of animals

Keratan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan.

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5
Q

What causes cloudiness in the cornea?

A

Unsulfonated keratin deposits

These deposits can affect vision.

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6
Q

What is a Fischer projection?

A

A two-dimensional representation of a molecule

It places the most oxidized group at the top and shows the arrangement of groups around chiral centers.

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7
Q

What are the most important monosaccharides?

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose

These monosaccharides are crucial in various metabolic processes.

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8
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level?

A

A specific range that varies but is typically around 70-100 mg/dL

This level is important for metabolic health.

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9
Q

What occurs during hyperglycemia?

A

The pancreas is unable to produce sufficient quantities of insulin

This leads to elevated glucose levels in the body.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Thirst
  • Excessive urination
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight loss

These symptoms can indicate uncontrolled blood sugar levels.

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11
Q

What is d-fructose?

A

A ketohexose with the formula C6H12O6

It is the sweetest of carbohydrates, twice as sweet as sucrose.

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12
Q

What is the difference between aldoses and ketoses?

A

Aldoses contain an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a ketone group

This classification is based on the functional groups present.

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13
Q

What is lactose?

A

A disaccharide composed of d-galactose and d-glucose

It is found in milk and milk products.

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14
Q

What type of bond is found in lactose?

A

Glycosidic bond

The bond forms between carbon 1 of d-galactose and carbon 4 of d-glucose.

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15
Q

What is the molecular formula for d-glucose?

A

C6H12O6

It is the most common hexose and a primary energy source.

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16
Q

What defines chiral carbon atoms?

A

Carbon atoms with four different atoms or groups

These atoms create stereoisomers that cannot be superimposed.

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17
Q

What distinguishes d and l isomers in Fischer projections?

A

The position of the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group

Left gives L and right gives D.

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18
Q

What is a common sweetener derived from sucrose?

A

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)

It is produced by enzymatically breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

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19
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides

These classifications are based on the number of sugar units.

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20
Q

What is the structure of Haworth structures?

A

Five- or six-atom rings

They are the most stable forms of pentose and hexose sugars.

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21
Q

What is the significance of chirality in biological systems?

A

Molecules can have different biological effects based on their stereoisomers

For example, carvone has different smells depending on its chirality.

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22
Q

What is the formula for d-galactose?

A

C6H12O6

It is an aldohexose obtained from lactose.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: A molecule is ______ if it has nonsuperimposable mirror images.

A

chiral

This property is crucial in determining the behavior of molecules in biological systems.

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24
Q

What type of bond is formed in lactose?

A

Glycosidic bond

The bond is formed between carbon 1 of D-galactose and carbon 4 of D-glucose.

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25
Q

What is lactose and where is it commonly found?

A

A disaccharide found in milk and milk products, making up 6–8% of human milk and about 4–5% of cow’s milk.

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26
Q

What is maltose also known as?

A

Malt sugar

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27
Q

What are the monosaccharide units that compose maltose?

A

Two D-glucose molecules

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28
Q

How is maltose obtained?

A

From the hydrolysis of starch.

29
Q

What is melibiose and how sweet is it compared to sucrose?

A

A disaccharide that is 30 times sweeter than sucrose.

30
Q

What type of glycosidic bond links the monosaccharides in melibiose?

A

Not specified in the content

31
Q

What is cellulose primarily composed of?

A

Glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds.

32
Q

What structural role does cellulose serve in plants?

A

Provides a rigid structure to the cell walls in wood and fiber.

33
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

Humans cannot break down the glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

34
Q

What is glycogen and where is it stored in the body?

A

A polymer of glucose stored in the liver and muscle.

35
Q

How often do branches occur in glycogen?

A

Every 10–15 glucose units.

36
Q

What are the two components of starch?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
37
Q

What percentage of starch does amylopectin constitute?

A

Up to 80%

38
Q

What is the main feature of amylose?

A

Consists of 250 to 4000 glucose molecules connected in a continuous chain.

39
Q

What are polysaccharides formed from?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together.

40
Q

List the most common disaccharides.

A
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
41
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Consists of two monosaccharides linked together.

42
Q

What is the process of forming a disaccharide called?

A

Dehydration reaction.

43
Q

What is fructose classified as?

A

A ketohexose.

44
Q

What happens to fructose in a basic Benedict’s solution?

A

Rearranges to form glucose and can then be oxidized.

45
Q

What are sugar alcohols and give examples.

A
  • D-sorbitol
  • D-xylitol
  • D-mannitol
46
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A carbohydrate that reduces another substance.

47
Q

What characterizes the oxidation of monosaccharides?

A

Oxidation converts an aldehyde group to a carboxylic acid.

48
Q

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
49
Q

What is the significance of the endocrine system in diabetes management?

A

Involvement with obesity and other diseases.

50
Q

Polysaccharides: Many are polymers of…

A

Glucose!

51
Q

Polysaccharides: many are polymers of glucose. Found in animals as glycogen, found in plants as:

A

Amylose, amylopectin, and cellulose.

52
Q

Carbohydrates are classified as Disaccharides: they include…

A

Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose.

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Maltose and Lactose are not carbohydrates.

A

FALSE: Both Maltose and Lactose are carbohydrates.

54
Q

There are 5 reducing sugars:

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose, Maltose, and Lactose.

55
Q

Oils from olive and peanut are monounsaturated because they contain large amounts of:

A

Oleic Acid

56
Q

Palm and Coconut are solids at room temperature because they consist of mostly:

A

SATURATED Fatty acids

57
Q

The trans isomer of oleic acid is called ___ and has a straight chain without a kink.

A

ELAIDIC ACID

58
Q

You can NOT hydrolize ____.

A

STEROIDS! Steroids can NOT be hydrolized.

59
Q

Lipids are biomolecules that contain: (2 items)

A

Fatty Acids
Steroid Nucleus

60
Q

Cellulose’s Glycosidic Bond is:

A

Beta: 1->4 Glycosidic Bonds

61
Q

Amylose’s Gylocsidic Bond is:

A

Alpha 1->4 Glycosidic Bond

62
Q

Amylopectin’s glycosidic bonds are:

A

Alpha 1->4 and Alpha 1->6 Glycosidic bonds

63
Q

When two monosaccharides combine in a ___- reaction, the product is a disaccharide.

A

Dehydration.

64
Q

The most common disaccharides are: (3 items)

A

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

65
Q

Glycosamingoglycans are polar and negatively charged. What is their role in the human body?

A

Glycosaminoglycans can attract water. They also cushion and lubricate structures in the body, such as the eyes, cartilage, bones, and animal horns.

66
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans made out of?

A

An unbranched polysaccharide of repeating disaccharide units.
The disaccharide units are composed of one amino sugar molecule and either: a) one urinoc acid or b) galactose molecule.

67
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cellulose is soluble with water.

A

FALSE.

68
Q

Which of the following statements are true?
Cellulose….

A) gives a rigid structure to cell walls.
B) is found in sediment.
C) Cannot be digested in humans.
D) A and C.

A

D) A and C.

69
Q

Humans CANNOT digest or break down which bonds?

A) Alpha 1->6 Glycosidic
B) Beta 1->3 Glycosidic
C) Beta 1->4 Glycosidic
D) A and C

A

C) Beta 1->4 Glycosidic

Chemistry Org/Bio GSU 1152 FALL2024 (6 decks)

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