CHAPTER 17

Question 1

Animal classification

Answer 1

(D K P C O F G S)
Doman
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

What general traits do all animals share?

Answer 2

• Eukaryote, multicellular Heterotrophs
  (heterotrophs: consume other organisms)
• Mobility - at least some stage of life cycle (larval)
• Structural Support System

Question 3

Know the 7 major animal characteristics (body traits).

Answer 3

1. SYMMETRY
   - radial
   - bilateral
2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
   - gastrovascular -> only one opening (not very efficient)
   - complete -> mouth + anus, food makes a one-way trip
3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
   - peripheral (P.N.S.) => “nerve” net
   -> entire body reads to stimulus
   central (C.N.S.) => includes eyes
   -> can react at point of stimulus only
4. LOCOMOTION
   *sessile => live attached to a substrate (substance)
   -> as movement increases => need specialized appendages (legs, wings, fins)
5. CEPHALIZATION
   - formation of head => concentrate all the sense organs
6. SEGMENTATION
   -> “series of repeating body parts”
   => increases in flexibility + precise control
7. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT - 3 types
   - fluid pressure
   - exoskeleton
   - endoskeleton

Question 4

Porifera
Describe the cell types and their functions

Answer 4

Example:
Sponge

Cell types:
1. Choanocytes - draw water into sponge by beating their flagella + trap food
2. Amoebocytes - “do-all” cells of sponge
- digest and distribute food
- transport O2
- waste disposal
- make spicules
- make gametes

Defining Characteristics:
- sessile (live attached to a substrate (substance)) + produce spicules (skeletal support)
Symmetry:
- asymmetrical
Digestive System:
- filtered feeders -> filter out bacteria + algal cells from water
Structural Support:
- Collagen (soft)
- Spicules (rigid)
No Nervous System

Question 5

Cnidaria
Describe the 2 distinct body forms

Answer 5

Example:
sea anemone, jellyfish, hydra, coral

2 body forms:
1. Poly Form = sessile (sea anemone)
2. Medusa Form = floating (jellyfish)

Defining Characteristics:
- tentacles with stinging cells
Symmetry:
- radial
Digestive System:
- gastrovascular
Structural Support:
- fluid
Nervous System:
P.N.S.

Question 6

Platyhelminthes

Answer 6

Example:
fluke, tapeworm

Defining Characteristics:
- FLAT worms
Symmetry:
- bilateral
Digestive System:
- gastrovascular
Structural Support:
- fluid
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Question 7

Nematoda

Answer 7

Example:
vinegar “eels”

Defining Characteristics:
- ROUND worms
Symmetry:
- bilateral
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- fluid
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Question 8

Annelida

Answer 8

Example:
earthworms, leeches

Defining Characteristics:
- SEGMENTED worms
Symmetry:
- bilateral
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- fluid
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Question 9

Mollusca
- Describe the 3 distinct body forms
- Study the anatomy and functions of the squid body parts

Answer 9

Example:
Squid, Snail

3 body forms:
1. gastropods - 1 shell = snails, slugs
2. bivalves - 2 shells with a hinge = clams, oysters, mussels
3. cephalopods - squid, octopus
(squid = internal transparent “pen”, octopus = no shell)

Defining Characteristics:
- Radula
Symmetry:
- Bilateral
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- fluid
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Anatomy and Functions of Squid Body Parts:
- have a radula
- have beak-like jaws
- 8 arms w/ 2 tentacles (w/ suction cups) => to catch prey + bring to mouth
- large eyes => visual predators
- Siphon:
1. squirts out water at high pressure
2. squirts ink - to confuse predators
3. exprels waste products
- mantle => protects the internal organs
- chromatophors => pigment sacs -> can change colors (for: camouflage + to communicate with others)
- fin => helps to steer

Question 10

Arthropoda
- Define and describe radical metamorphosis, give examples of crustaceans and insects.

Answer 10

Example:
Dragonfly, crab, lobster, monarch butterfly

Radical Metamorphosis:
radical change from one developmental stage to another.

Defining Characteristics:
- exoskeleton
- jointed legs
Symmetry:
- bilateral
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- exoskeleton
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Question 11

Echinodermata

Answer 11

Example:
Sea star, sea urchin, sea cucumber

Sea Star Feeding:
1. use their tube feet to pry open mussel shells
2. evert their stomach into the mussel

Defining Characteristics:
- water vascular system
- tube feet
Symmetry:
- radial
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- endoskeleton
Nervous System:
simple

Question 12

Chordata
- List and describe the 4 major traits of chordates. How do they apply to humans, both as an
embryo and adult?
- Give examples of the invertebrate chordates.
- List the 5 classes of vertebrates.
- Define asexual and sexual reproduction, know advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Animal Diversity Lab: Be familiar with all examples and questions covered in lab.

Answer 12

4 Major Traits of Chordates:
- dorsal hollow nerve chord
- notochord
- gill slits
- post-anal tail
(present in larval stage)

Invertebrate chordates:
- lancelet, tunicate
5 Classes of Vertebrates:
- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals

Symmetry:
- bilateral
Digestive System:
- complete
Structural Support:
- endoskeleton
Nervous System:
C.N.S.

Advantage Asexual Reproduction:
- quick replication
- not much energy required
Disadvantage:
- genetically identical -> clones
- whole population can be wiped out by disease
Advantage Sexual Reproduction
- genetic variation
Disadvantage:
- slow -> “costs” a lot of energy
- only pass on half your genes