Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 1305 > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

○ What is the link between genotype and phenotype

A

§ Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

○ What is gene expression

A

Process by which dna directs the synthesis of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two stages of gene expression

A

Transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

○ Who was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes

A

Archibald garrod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did archibald garrod postulate

A

Symptoms of disease reflect an inability to make a particular enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

§ That a gene dictates the production of a specific enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what did american biochemist and geneticist george beadle speculate about drosophillia

A

each mutation affecting eye color blocks pigment synthesis at a specific step by preventing production of the enzyme that catalyzes that step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What experiment did beadle and tatum do

A

They chose to study the protein-coding genes required for a specific nutritional acitivity
They caused mutations in genes by bombarding the neurospora with x rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some examples of nonenzymic proteins

A

kertain and hormonal insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proteins that are not enzymes are what

A

gene products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many polypeptides does hemoglobin contain

A

Two and because of that two genes code for the protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin

A

Oxygen transporting protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is alternative splicing

A

Eukaryotic gene can code for a set of closely related polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what provides the instructions for making proteins

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the bridge between dna and protein synthesis

A

nucleic acid RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the difference between dna and rna

A

§ Dna is deoxyribose and rna is ribose

And dna sequence = atgc and rna sequence = augc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many nucleotides do genes have

A

hundreds and thousands of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is transcription

A

§ Synthesis of rna using information in the dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messenger RNA because it carries a genetic message from dna to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during translation

A

he mRNA molecule is trnaslated into an amino acid sequence of polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does translation happen

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

○ What are ribosomes

A

§ Molecular complexes that make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transcription and translation is similar for what

A

Bacteria and eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

○ What does bacteria not contain

A

A nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Since bacteria does not have a nuclei what problems does it face with transcription and translation

A

Nuclear membrane does not separate bacterial dna and mRNA from ribosomes and that means the translation of mrna can begin while transcription is still in process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

○ What is the importance of the nuclear membrane

A

Separate the transcription from translation in space and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

○ Where does transcription occur

A

§ In the nucleus but mrna is transported to the cytoplasm for translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does translation occur

A

§ In the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the transcription of a protein encoding gene lead to

A

Pre mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

○ What is primary transcript

A

The initial RNA transcript from any gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

○ What was the central dogma theory

A

§ Idea that the flow of dna information went in one way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many nucleotide bases are there for each amino acid

A

§ 4 nucleotide bases to specify 20 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the flow of information from gene to protein based on

A

§ Triplet code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

○ What is the triplet code

A

§ The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are in written in the dns as a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

○ What is the template strand

A

§ One strand that is being transcribed because it provides the pattern or template for the sequence of nucleotides being transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

○ What way is a rna molecule strand synthesized

A

§ Antiparallel direction to the template strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are codons

A

mRNA nucleotide triplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What way are codons written

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the coding strand

A

The non template dna strand

40
Q

○ What does rna polymerase do

A

§ Pries the strands of dna apart and joins the complimentary rna nucleotides to the dna template strand which then elongates the rna polynucleotide

41
Q

○ What way does rna polymerase assemble

A

§ 5 to 3 direction

42
Q

○ What end does rna polymerase add to

A

§ 3 end

43
Q

○ What is the difference between dna polymerase and rna polymerase

A

§ Rna polymerase can start a chain from scratch and they don’t need a primer

44
Q

○ What is the promotor

A

§ Dna sequence where rna polymerase attatches and initiates transcription

45
Q

○ In bacteria what is the sequence that signals the end of transcription

A

§ Terminator

46
Q

○ What is the transcription unit

A

§ Stretch of dna downstream from the promotor that is transcribed into an rna molecule

47
Q

○ What type of rna polymerase does bacteria have

A

§ The kind that synthesizes mrna but other types of rna in gene expression (ribosomal rna)

48
Q

○ How many rna polymerases do eukaryotes have

A

§ 3 in the nuclei

49
Q

○ What is the function of rna polymerase 2

A

§ Pre-mRNA synthesis

50
Q

What do the other eukaryotic rna polymerases do

A

§ Transcribe molecules that are not translated into protein

51
Q

○ What are the 3 stages of rna transcription

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

52
Q

○ What is the start point

A

§ The nucleotide where rna polymerase actually begins synthesizing the mrna

53
Q

○ What happens in the initiation stage of rna transcription

A

§ Rna polymerase binds to the promotor

§ Polymerase unwinds dna stands and starts synthesis @ start point

54
Q

○ What happens in the elongation stage

A

§ Polymerase moves downstream
§ Unwinds the dna and elongates the rna transcript 5 to 3
§ Dna strands re-form a double helix

55
Q

○ What happens in the termination stage

A

§ The rna transcript is released

§ Polymerase detaches from dna

56
Q

○ What is a difference between the way the rna poly binds to the promotor in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

§ Eukaryotes they use transcription factors

57
Q

○ What are transcription factors

A

Proteins that help guide the binding of rna polymerase and initiation of transcription

58
Q

○ What is the transcription initiation complex

A

§ Complex of transcription factors and rna poly 2 bound to the promotor

59
Q

○ What is the TATA box

A

§ Crucial promotor dna sequence which forms the initiation complex at a eukaryotic promotor

60
Q

What happens after the transcription factors are attatched to the promoto

A

§ Enzyme unwinds the two dna strands and begins transcribing the template strand at the start point

61
Q

Rna polymerase adds nucleotides to what end

A

3 end

62
Q

○ What is the affect of many polymerase molecules

A

Increases the amount of mrna transcribed and it helps the cell make the encoded protein in large amounts

63
Q

○ What is a difference between the termination in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

§ In bacteria transcription proceeds through a terminator sequence in the dna and it functions as the signal
§ Eukaryotes rna ply2 transcribes a sequence on the dna called the polyadenylation signal sequence

64
Q

○ What happens during rna processing

A

§ Both ends of the primary transcript are altered

65
Q

○ How is the pre-mrna modified

A

§ 3 end(synthesized first) recieves the 5 cap

66
Q

○ What is the 5’ cap

A

§ Modified form of guanine added onto the 5’ end after transcription added to the pre-rna

67
Q

what is the reading frame

A

subsequent codons are read in groups

of three nucleotides

68
Q

what is rna processing

A

both ends of the primary transcript are altered.

69
Q

what is the poly-a-tail

A

At the 3 end, an enzyme adds 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides

70
Q

what is the function of the poly-a-tail

A

They facilitate the export of mRNA from the nucleus.
○ They help protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes.
○ They help the ribosomes attach to the 5 end of the mRNA.

71
Q

what is rna splicing

A

removal of a large portion

of the RNA molecule

72
Q

what is an intron

A

Noncoding segments of nucleotides called intervening regions

73
Q

what is an exon

A

are eventually expressed, usually by being translated into amino
acid sequences.

74
Q

what do snRNPS

A

recognize the splice sites

75
Q

what is a splicesome

A

remove introns in protein-encoding genes

76
Q

when does splicing occur

A

without proteins

77
Q

what are the properties of rna

A

single stranded
contain functional groups
can

78
Q

what is alternative splicing

A

process of selecting different combinations of splice sites within a messenger RNA precursor (pre-mRNA) to produce variably spliced mRNAs.

79
Q

what does the splicesome do

A

interacts with certain sites along an intron, releasing the introns and joining
together the two exons that flanked the introns

80
Q

because of introns

A

a single gene can encode for more than one kind of polypeptide

81
Q

trna molecule is…

A

a translator and turns mrna into an amino acid

82
Q

what is the function of trna

A

transfers amino acids from cytoplasmic pool to growing polypeptide

83
Q

what is an anticodon

A

at the end of the trna

84
Q

what is the site of translation

A

the ribosome

85
Q

where is protein made in eukaryotes

A

nucleolous

86
Q

what does the p site do

A

holds the tnra of the growing polypeptide chain

87
Q

what does the a site do

A

holds the trna carrying the next amino acid

88
Q

where does translation take place

A

in the ribosomes

89
Q

what is the function of rrna

A

main constituient between a and p site and it is a catalyst for peptide bond formation

90
Q

what are point mutations

A

changes to a single nucleotide gene

91
Q

what is a nucleotide pair substitution

A

replacement of one nucleotide and its partner

92
Q

what is a silent mutation

A

no observable effect on the phenotype

93
Q

missense mutaions

A

change one amino acid to another

94
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

causes translation to be terminated prematurely

95
Q

what is a mutagen

A

physical and chemical agents

96
Q

what is gene editing

A

altering genes in a specific way

biology 1305 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions