Chapter 1-5 review Flashcards
what are the 5 themes of biology?
order, evolution, interaction between organisms, homeostasis, structure and function of cells
what is biology?
the scientific study of life
what does the organization theme talk about?
highlights the hierarchy of biological organization
what do all living things have in common?
macromolecule, cells, respond to the environment, extraction of energy, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, evolution (natural selection)
what is the biological hierarchy?
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organisms, tissues, cell, organelles molecules, atoms
what is structure?
structure helps gives us clues to what it does and how it works
what will knowing the function help with?
provides insight into structure and organization
what characteristic do cells share
cell membrane and the membrane regulates what does in and out of the membrane
where are prokaryotic cells found?
bacteria and archaea
what is a eukaryotic cell?
membrane enclosed organelles and some contain DNA
what is the lowest level of organization that can perform activitites required for life?
cell
what are emergent properties?
a result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
what else do emergent properties characterize and what is an example?
nonbiological entities as well
for example: a functioning bicycle emerges only when the necessary parts connect in the correct way
what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cell
large, contains DNA, membrane enclosed organelles, found in almost everything, more complex
what are the characteristics of Prokaryotic cells
doesn’t contain dna, smaller, no membrane enclosed organelles
what is a negative feedback mechanism?
the product decreases the reaction
example: can block a step
what is a positive feedback mechanism
the product increases the reaction
example: stimulates a step
what is a gene?
functional unit of herdity
what helps DNA store information?
the structure of DNA (arranged in a double helix)
what are the chemical building blocks of DNA
A,T,C,G
what do nucleotides do?
encode the infomration in genes
what is gene expression
information from a gene is used to make a cellular product
what determines differences between organisms
the difference in nucleotide sequences
what provides the blueprint for making proteins
the sequence of genes
what is genetic code?
the instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein
what are the different kingdoms?
bacteria, archaea, protist, Animalia, plantae, fungi
what are the levels of classification
kindgom, phylum class, order, family, genus, species
who wrote the origin of species?
charles darwin and it was the most influential book in evolution
what is a theory?
explanation of a natural phenonmena
what is a scientific law?
description of an observed phenomena
what were Charles darwin’s main points
-species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
what is descent with modification?
species over time give rise to new species and they are all connected by a common ancestor
what did darwin’s theory explain?
the duality of unity and diversity
what unifies organisms?
DNA
what are homologous structures?
similar anatomy that links to a common ancestor but different functions
what are embryological homologies?
most embryos look similar in earlier stages which can show a link to a common ancestor
what is molecular homology?
similarities of patterns in the nucleotide sequence of DNA to show a sign of a common ancestor
what did darwin observe?
individuals in a population vary in trails that are heritable
- ) more offspring are produced than survive and there is competition
- ) species suit their environment
what is a genome
a library of genetic information
what requires work?
energy
what is a producer?
an organism that makes its own food
what is a consumer?
an organism that consumes other organisms
what happens as a result of work?
energy being used will be released as heat
how does energy flow through an ecosystem?
flows in one direction, enters in as light, and exits as heat
how do chemicals flow through an ecosystem?
used then recycled broken down by decomposers
what is feedback regulation?
the output of a process regulates that very process
what is the most common feedback regulation
negative feedback
what is an example of a positive feedback mechanism
blood clotting when you are injured the platelets release chemicals to alert other platelets to come near the injury site
what is an example of a negative feedback
when your body gets too hot you start to sweat
what is evolution?
species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments
what are the 3 domains of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
what do the bacteria and archaea domain consist of?
single-celled prokaryotic organisms
what is the eukarya domain
subgroups: plantae, fungi, protists, Animalia
when does evolution occur?
unequal reproductive success of individuals leads to adaptation to their environment
