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biology 1305 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did T.H Morgan’s group show

A

That genes exist as parts of chromosomes

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2
Q

What are the two chemical components of chromosomes

A

dna and proteins

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3
Q

who was frederick griffith

A

british officer who tried to develop a vaccine against pneumonia

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4
Q

what bacteria did griffith study

A

streptococcus pneumonia

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5
Q

what is streptococcus pneumonia

A

bacteria that causes pneumonia in mammals

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6
Q

what strains did griffith have

A

two strains (varieties of bacterium) one pathogenic and one nonpathogenic

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7
Q

what does pathogenic mean

A

disease causing

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8
Q

what does nonpathogenic mean

A

harmless

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9
Q

why was the frederick griffith experiment important

A

it first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.

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10
Q

what two strains does streptococcus have

A

smooth and rough strain

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of the smooth strain

A

capsule that protects it from the immune system

highly pathogenic

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12
Q

what are some characteristics of the rough strain

A

lacks capsule and easily killed

nonpathogenic or harmless

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13
Q

what happens when the smooth strain is injected into the mice

A

it dies

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14
Q

what happens when the rough strain is injected into the mice

A

it survives

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15
Q

what happened when the smooth strain was heated and injected into the mice

A

the mice survived

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16
Q

what happened when the heat killed smooth strain and the rough stain were injected to the mice and what did it indicate

A

the mouse died; transformation

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17
Q

what is transformation

A

rocesses by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells

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18
Q

Who later identified the transforming change as DNA

A

□ Oswald avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin MacLeod

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19
Q

why are avery, mccarty and macleod important

A

showed that DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells

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20
Q

what was the avery,mccarty, macleod experiment

A

took lysate of heat killed s strain and treated it with different enzymes and dnase did not convert the s train to r strain

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21
Q

what are bacteria phages

A

virus that infects bacteria

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22
Q

what is a virus

A

small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone.

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23
Q

How can a virus produce more viruses

A

□ Must infect a cell and take over the cell’s metabolic machinery

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24
Q

what did scientists believe in the early 20th century

A

that proteins was the genetic material

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25
Q

what are the order of the experiments

A

griffith, avery macleod mccarty, hershey and chase

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26
Q

in the Hershey chase experiment what were the two bacteriophages labeled with

A

bacteriophage coat was labeled with (Protein) S35 and the bacteriophage dna was labeled with P32 (DNA)

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27
Q

what organism was used in the hershey chase experiment

A

bacteriophage

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28
Q

what were hershey and chase trying to prove

A

if dna is the genetic material or protein

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29
Q

what two things do viruses contain

A

dna core with a protein coat

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30
Q

what did they use to label the dna

A

radioactive tags

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31
Q

where is phosphate found

A

in dna and not in proteins

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32
Q

where is sulfur found

A

in proteins

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33
Q

what did they figure out with the sulfur labeled tag

A

most of the radioactivity remained with the virus and did not enter the bacteria

34
Q

what bacteriophage did hershey and chase use

A

e.coli

35
Q

what is the polymer of nucleotides

A

dna

36
Q

what are the components of dna

A

nitrogenous base, deoxyribose pentose sugar, phosphate group

37
Q

what are the dna bases

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

38
Q

a =?

A

t

39
Q

g =?

A

c

40
Q

what were chargaffs rules

A

dna base composition varies between species

the percentages of a and t bases are roughly equal and the percentages of g and c bases are roughly equal

41
Q

what is rosalind franklin famous for

A

x ray crystallography which provided clues to the structure of dna

42
Q

what does a double helix mean

A

the dna has two strands

43
Q

what was franklins arrangement of the dna

A

sugar phosphate backbones were outside of the dna molecule

negatively charged phosphate groups facing aqeuous solutions

44
Q

who were watson and crick and what did they do

A

scientists that discovered the shape of dna was a helix

45
Q

what did watson construct

A

□ An antiparallel structure

46
Q

what does antiparallel mean

A

Subunits run in opposite directions

47
Q

what type of bond links the nucleotides together

A

covalent sugar phosphate bonds

48
Q

the phosphate group is attatched to what ed

A

5 end of sugar

49
Q

the bases are attatched to what end

A

1 end of the sugar

50
Q

what is the bond that keeps the bases together

A

hydrogen bond

51
Q

what interaction happens between stacked base pairs

A

van der waals

52
Q

what is dna replication

A

the copying of dna

53
Q

what is the semiconservative model

A

after one round of replication, every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consisted of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA

54
Q

what is the conservative model

A

the entire original DNA double helix serves as a template for a new double helix

55
Q

what is the dispersive model

A

each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized dna

56
Q

what was the importance of the meselson and stahl experiment

A

supported the semiconservative model of dna replication

57
Q

what is the origins of replication

A

where replication of chromosomal dna begins and they are short stretches of dna that have specific nucleotides

58
Q

what are some characteristics of the e coli chromosome

A

circulur and has a single origin

59
Q

what is the replication fork

A

y shaped region where the parental strands are being unwound

60
Q

what is helicase

A

enzyme that untwist the double helix at the replication forks and make them available as template strands

61
Q

what are single-strand binding proteins

A

bind to the unpairaed dna strands and keep them from re-pairing

62
Q

what is topoisomerase

A

breaks and rejoins dna strands and it relives the dna

63
Q

what direction is dna read

A

5 to 3

64
Q

what end is dna added

A

3 end

65
Q

what can the enzymes not do in dna replication

A

initiate synthesis of dna they can only add nucleotides to an already existing chain

66
Q

what is a primer

A

pre existing chain of rna that is produced during dna synthesis

67
Q

what is primase

A

starts a complementary rna chain with a single rna nucleotide ands rna nucleotides one at a time

68
Q

what does dna polymerase do

A

catalyze the syntehsis of new dna by adding nucleotides to the 3 end
proof read the dna

69
Q

what does dna poly 3 do in ecoli

A

adds dna nucleotide to the rna primer

70
Q

what do most polymerases require

A

a primer and a dna template strand

71
Q

what is the leading strand

A

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 3’ – 5’ direction

72
Q

what is the lagging strand

A

a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5’ - 3’ direction
synthesized disontinuously

73
Q

what are okazaki fragments

A

segments of the lagging strand

74
Q

what happens in a mismatch pair

A

other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

75
Q

what is a nuclease

A

dna cutting enzyme

76
Q

what is a nucleotide excision repair

A

dna repair system

77
Q

what is a telomere

A

the repetitive DNA repeat sequences at the end of linear eukaryotic chromosomes protecting chromosome ends from degradation and illegitimate recombination

78
Q

what are the functions of telomeres

A
  1. ) prevent the stagered ends of the daughter molecule from activating the cells systems
  2. ) buffer zone that protects against organisms genes shortening
79
Q

what is a nucleosome

A

the basic unit of dna packing

80
Q

what are histones

A

proteins that help pack the dna in interphase

81
Q

what is euchromatin

A

less compacted and more dispersed dna

82
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

more compact and denser chromatin

biology 1305 (6 decks)

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