Chapter 16 Therapy Flashcards
elcectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy (best of all of them and combining into one)
psychotherapy integration
attempts to combine a selection of assorted techniques into a single, coherent system
biomedical therapy
Involves treatment with medical procedures; trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biological treatments (body as a machine)
psychotherapy
treatment; a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to over come difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychoanalysis
Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and the significant behaviours and events in order to promote insight
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
free-association
A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient’s articulation of free associations is encouraged in order to reveal unconscious thoughts and emotions, such as traumatic experiences that have been repressed
psychodynamic therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight. (face to face therapy)
interpersonal therapy
Brief 12- to 16-session form of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression
in-sight therapy
a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defences
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy (rogers), in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client’s growth (person-centerer therapy)
non-directive therapy
the therapist listens, without judging to interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights
What do therapist exhibit
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
humanistic perspective
Emphasis on people’s potential for self-fulfillment; to give people new insights. goals are to reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance promoting personal growth
active listening
echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the person expresses and acknowledging the expressed feelings
unconditional positive reward
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed to be conductive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance
behaviour therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours
counterconditioning
a behaviour therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours
exposure therapy
behaviour techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear or avoid
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. (common in treating phobias)
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behaviour
progressive relaxation
the therapist would train you to relax one muscle group after another to achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort
operant conditioning
consequence drive behaviour; the voluntary behaviours are strongly influenced by their consequences
behaviour modification
reinforcing desired behaviours and withholding reinforcements for undesired behaviours or punishing them
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of think and action, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive-behaviour therapy
an integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behaviour); Aims to alter the way they act AND they way they think; Helps people learn to make more realistic appraisals
group therapy
Conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction; Often used when client problems involve interactions with others
family therapy
Attempts to open up communication within the family and help family members to discover and use conflict resolution strategies
Treats the family as a system; Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
a technique that is not used in client-centered therapy
Interpretation
evidence-based practice
Integration of best available research with clinicians’ expertise and patients’ characteristics, preferences, and circumstances
Alternative therapies
Abnormal states often return to normal and the placebo effect can mislead effectiveness evaluation
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Some effectiveness shown—not from the eye movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments
Light exposure therapy
Relief from depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones
energy therapies
propose to manipulate people’s invisible energy fields
recovered-memory therapies
aim to unearth “repressed memories” of early child abuse
rebirthing therapies
engage people in reenacting the supposed trauma of their birth
facilitated communication
an assistant touch the typing hand of a child with autism
crisis debriefing
forces people to rehearse and process their traumatic experiences
Hothorn effect
when more people are added to a group it will change the dynamic sometimes for better and others for worse
Three basic benefits for all psychotherapies
- Hope for demoralized people
- New perspective for oneself and the world
- Empathic, trusting, caring relationship (therapeutic alliance)
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behaviour
antipsychotic drugs
drug used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of sever thought disorders
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitations
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety
spontaneous recovery (natural recovery)
the return to normal
mood-stabilizing medication
Depakote: Controlling manic episodes
Lithium: Levels emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder*
electroconvulsive therapy
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated magnetic energy to brain surface through coiled wire held close to brain; fewer side effects; modest effectiveness
deep brain manipulation
Manipulates depressed brain via pacemaker; stimulates inhibition activity related to negative emotions and thoughts
Vagus nerve stimulation
Stimulates neck nerve that sends signal to limbic system; increases available serotonin by increasing firing rate of some neurons
psychosurgery
Involves surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Is irreversible; least used biomedical therapy
lobotomy
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz)
therapeutic life-style change
a program that can help you lower cholesterol. The lifestyle changes include diet, exercise, weight loss, and not smoking. Your doctor will want you to follow TLC even if you are taking cholesterol-lowering medicine. And medicine will work better if you have healthy habits.
resilience
Involves personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma
Preventive mental health programs work to build resilience.
Based on the idea that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing oppressive, esteem-destroying environments into more benevolent, nurturing environments that foster growth, self-confidence
