Chapter 13 Social Psychology

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 2

Fundament Attribution Error

Answer 2

Is tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation

Question 3

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 3

involves compliance with a large request after having agreed to a small request (eg. can you give me a ride…sure…can we stop by the grocery store.) People agreeing to a small request will find it easier to agree later to a larger one

Question 4

role playing

Answer 4

includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior

Question 5

normative social influence

Answer 5

to gain approval

Question 6

informational social influence

Answer 6

To accept others’ opinions as new information

Question 7

social loafing

Answer 7

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 8

deinidviduation

Answer 8

Involves loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 9

group polarization

Answer 9

Group discussions with like-minded others strengthen members’ prevailing beliefs and attitudes. Internet communication magnifies this effect, for better and for worse

Question 10

group think

Answer 10

People are driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 11

individual power

Answer 11

Power of the individual and the power of the situation interact. A small minority that consistently expresses its views may sway the majority.

Question 12

prejudice

Answer 12

Is an unjustified negative attitude toward some group and its members

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

a negative behaviour toward a group and its members

Question 14

components

Answer 14

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action (to discriminate)

Question 15

just-world phenomenon

Answer 15

Good is rewarded and evil is punished.

Question 16

stereotypes

Answer 16

rationalize inequalities

Question 17

ingroup

Answer 17

Social definition of who we are—and are not

Question 18

ingroup bias

Answer 18

favouring of our own group

Question 19

outgroup

Answer 19

any group that is not your group (when things occur, good things are lucky, and bad things are the norm) say your group is the best

Question 20

scapegoat theory

Answer 20

Proposes that when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide an outlet for anger

Question 21

frustration-aggression principle

Answer 21

Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression

Question 22

proximity

Answer 22

Provides opportunity for aggression or friendship; power predictor of friendship because of mere exposure effect

Question 23

physical attractiveness

Answer 23

Affects first impression; predicts frequency of dating and popularity; is influenced by cultural ideals and personal feelings.

Question 24

similarity

Answer 24

Includes shared attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, and economic status

Question 25

passionate love

Answer 25

Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. (Arousal is key ingredient)

Question 26

compassionate love

Answer 26

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 27

altruism

Answer 27

an unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 28

bystander affect

Answer 28

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present; occurs when there is a diffusion of responsibility

Question 29

socialization norm

Answer 29

Social expectation that prescribes how we should behave

Question 30

reciprocity norm

Answer 30

Expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefit (cost-benefit analysis; utilitarianism; social exchange theory)

Question 31

social-responsibility norm

Answer 31

Expectation that people should help those who depend on them

Question 32

conflict

Answer 32

Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas in which people become enmeshed in potentially destructive processes that often produce unwanted results

Question 33

social trap

Answer 33

Situation in which conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 34

mirror-image perception

Answer 34

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Question 35

enemy perception

Answer 35

People in conflict form negative, distorted images of one another (mirror-image perceptions)

Question 36

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 36

rationalizing about something you did that may have been morally wrong