Chapter 13 Social Psychology Flashcards
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Fundament Attribution Error
Is tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
involves compliance with a large request after having agreed to a small request (eg. can you give me a ride…sure…can we stop by the grocery store.) People agreeing to a small request will find it easier to agree later to a larger one
role playing
includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior
normative social influence
to gain approval
informational social influence
To accept others’ opinions as new information
social loafing
Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
deinidviduation
Involves loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
Group discussions with like-minded others strengthen members’ prevailing beliefs and attitudes. Internet communication magnifies this effect, for better and for worse
group think
People are driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives
individual power
Power of the individual and the power of the situation interact. A small minority that consistently expresses its views may sway the majority.
prejudice
Is an unjustified negative attitude toward some group and its members
discrimination
a negative behaviour toward a group and its members
components
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action (to discriminate)
just-world phenomenon
Good is rewarded and evil is punished.
stereotypes
rationalize inequalities
ingroup
Social definition of who we are—and are not
ingroup bias
favouring of our own group
outgroup
any group that is not your group (when things occur, good things are lucky, and bad things are the norm) say your group is the best
scapegoat theory
Proposes that when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide an outlet for anger
frustration-aggression principle
Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression
proximity
Provides opportunity for aggression or friendship; power predictor of friendship because of mere exposure effect
physical attractiveness
Affects first impression; predicts frequency of dating and popularity; is influenced by cultural ideals and personal feelings.
similarity
Includes shared attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, and economic status
passionate love
Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. (Arousal is key ingredient)
compassionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
altruism
an unselfish concern for the welfare of others
bystander affect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present; occurs when there is a diffusion of responsibility
socialization norm
Social expectation that prescribes how we should behave
reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefit (cost-benefit analysis; utilitarianism; social exchange theory)
social-responsibility norm
Expectation that people should help those who depend on them
conflict
Perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas in which people become enmeshed in potentially destructive processes that often produce unwanted results
social trap
Situation in which conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perception
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
enemy perception
People in conflict form negative, distorted images of one another (mirror-image perceptions)
cognitive dissonance theory
rationalizing about something you did that may have been morally wrong
