Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Flashcards
How many people suffer from mental and/or behavioural disorders
450 million
psychological disorders
ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are deviant, distressful, and/or dysfunctional
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
marked by the age of 7; three symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Therapies of pastimes for psychological disorders
trephination (drilling holes in skull), removal of teeth, removal of length of large intestine, castration of clitoris
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical cases that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured often though treatment in hospital
Schizophrenia
a person talks incoherently; hallucinates or has delusions; shoes either little emotion or inappropriate emotion; or is socially withdrawn (worldwide)
DSM-5
american psychiatric association’s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder, fifth edition, text revision, widely used system to diagnose disorders
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety
general anxiety disorder
a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
panic disorder
a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread; an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
phobias
a person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation
obsessive compulsive disorder
a person is troubled by repetitive throughs or actions
post-traumatic stress disorder
a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event. previously called ‘shellshocked’ or ‘battle fatigue’
social phobia
extreme shyness; intense fear of being scrutinized by others, avoiding potentially embracing social situation
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes
trama
direct exposure to threatened death or serious injury
post-traumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis
The biopsychosocial approach
General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
somatoform disorder
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
conversion disorder
a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found
hypochondrasis
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative identity disorder
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
major depression disorder
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medial condition, two or more weeks of significant depressed moods, feelings or worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
persistent depressive disorder
Person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms.
Social-cognitive perspective
Views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences
Comparing the suicide rates of different groups, researchers have found
National differences, Racial differences, Gender differences, Age differences and trends, Other group differences, and Day of the week differences
Why Do People Who Engage in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Hurt Themselves?
gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain
ask for help and gain attention
relieve guilt by self-punishment
get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism)
fit in with a peer group
Chronic Schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)
Form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
Acute schizophrenia ( reactive schizophrenia)
Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods
epigenetic
study of genetics
delusions
false beliefs
personality disorders
Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters: characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviours.
antisocial personality disorder
Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive, fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, including low arousal
Anorexia nervosa
Person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight
Bulimia nervosa
Person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise
Binge-eating disorder
Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Avoidant personality disorder
expresses anxiety, such as fearful sensitivity to rejection
Borderline personality disorder
causes unstable moods, behavior, and relationships
Narcissistic personality disorder
exhibits dramatic/ impulsive behaviours, such as self focused and self inflating
histrionic personality disorder
exhibits dramatic/ impulsive behaviours, such as attention-getting
schozoid personality disorder
expresses eccentric behaviours, such as emotionless disengagement
hallucinations
sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
