Chapter 16 - The Liver, Biliary System, Pancreas

Question 1

-largest organ in body, right upper abdominal area, beneath the diaphragm
-has a double blood supply:
portal vein
hepatic artery

Answer 1

the liver

Question 2

• metabolism: carbohydrates, protein, and fat delivered through the portal circulation
• synthesis: plasma proteins, clotting factors
• storage: vitamin B12, & others
• detoxification and excretion

Answer 2

functions of the liver

Question 3

75% of blood, drains spleen and GI tract, rich in nutrients absorbed from intestines, low in oxygen

Answer 3

portal vein

Question 4

rest of blood, high in oxygen, low in nutrients

Answer 4

hepatic artery

Question 5

• from the breakdown of red blood cells
• when RBCs are broken down, iron is reused & bilirubin is excreted in it
• it is an aqueous solution with various dissolved substances: -conjugated bilirubin -bile salts
• stored in galbladder
• does not contain digestive enzymes

Answer 5

Bile

Question 6

Hepatitis A

serious? vaccine? transmitted?

Answer 6

• best one to get
• excreted thru nose, throat, stool (person-to-person)
• self-limiting, no carriers
• has a vaccine
• RNA containing virus

Question 7

Hepatitis B

serious? vaccine? transmitted?

Answer 7

• worst one to get
• transmitted thru bodily fluids
• 10% chronic carriers
• infected lack anti-HBs
• has a vaccine
• DNA containing virus

Question 8

Hepatitis C

serious? vaccine? transmitted?

Answer 8

• RNA virus
• blood and bodily fluids
• 75% become carriers - many develop chronic liver disease
• no vaccine
• IV drug use

Question 9

• fat accumulates in liver secondary to injury
• common in heavy drinkers/alcoholics
• may be caused by chemicals and solvents
• impaired liver function
• REVERSIBLE

Answer 9

Fatty Liver

Question 10

3 stages of progression:

1) Alcoholic fatty liver: mildest form
2) alcoholic hepatitis: liver cell necrosis
3) alcoholic cirrhosis: most advanced, diffuse scarring, disturbed liver function

Answer 10

Alcoholic Liver Disease

Question 11

Diffuse scarring of the liver from any cause with derangement of liver function and regeneration.

• alcoholic liver disease
• chronic hepatitis
• severe liver necrosis
• repeated liver injury
• bile duct obstruction

Answer 11

Liver Cirrhosis

Question 12

• formation of stones in the gallbladder
• higher in women b/c estrogen excess
• solubility of cholesterol depends on ratio of cholesterol to bile salts and lecithin
• may result in cystic duct obstruction

Answer 12

Cholelithiasis

Question 13

-inflammation of the gallbladder

Answer 13

Cholecystitis

Question 14

• aspirin may increase injurious effects of virus
• liver damage
• brain damage
• affects infants & children
• fatty liver w/ liver dysfunction
• cerebral edema w/ neurologic dysfunction
• no treatment

Answer 14

Reye’s Syndrome

Question 15

Uncommon, occur in women taking contraceptive pills

Answer 15

Benign liver adenoma

Question 16

• common in developed countries
• spread from primary sites such as GI tract, lung, breast
• tumor cells carried in blood and delivered to the liver via hepatic artery

Answer 16

metastatic liver carcinoma

Question 17

yellow discoloration of skin and sclera from accumulation of bile pigment in tissues and body fluids
-3 causes of accumulation

Answer 17

jaundice

Question 18

increased breakdown of red cells

Answer 18

hemolytic jaundice

Question 19

liver injury impairing conjugation of bilirubin

Answer 19

hepatocellular jaundice

Question 20

bile duct obstructed by tumor or stone impairing delivery of bile into duodenum

Answer 20

obstructive jaundice