Chapter 16 The Endocrine System

Question 0

Mechanisms of intercellular communication: via gap junctions; use ions, small solutes,and other lipid soluble materials as chemical mediators; effects are usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons

Answer 0

Direct communication

Question 1

Works with or in harmony with the nervous system to control and coordinate all the activities of the body and maintain homeostasis

Answer 1

The endocrine system

Question 2

Mechanisms of intercellular communication: Via extracellular fluids; use Paracrine factors as chemical mediator; effects are primarily limited to the local area where Paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high; target cells must have appropriate receptors

Answer 2

Paracrine Communication

Question 3

Mechanisms of intercellular communication: via the bloodstream; use hormones as chemical mediators; effects are on target cells located in other tissues or organs; target cells must have an appropriate receptor

Answer 3

Endocrine communication

Question 4

Via the synaptic cleft; use neurotransmitters as chemical mediators; effects are limited to very specific areas; target cells must have appropriate receptors

Answer 4

Neural communication

Question 5

Are chemical messengers released by endocrine cells/glands into bloodstream to be transported throughout the body to regulate the metabolic functions and activities of other cells of the body

Answer 5

Hormones

Question 6

Hormones; thyroxine, triiodothyronine, catecholamines(epinephrine), norepinephrine, dopamine, melatonin,

Answer 6

Amino acids derivatives

Question 7

Chains of amino acids as polypeptide: ADH(antidiuretic hormone) 9 amino acids, and oxytocin 9 amino acids… Small proteins: insulin 51 amino acids, GH(growth hormone) 191 amino acids, and prolactin 198 amino acids… Glycoproteins: TSH(thyroid stimulating hormones), LH(luteinizing hormone), and FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)

Answer 7

Peptide hormones

Question 8

Consist of carbon rings and side chains built either from fatty acids chains or cholesterol…

Answer 8

Lipid derivatives

Question 9

Built from fatty acid chains and include leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Answer 9

Eicosanoids

Question 10

None fatty acids chains (hydrophobic), built from cholesterol molecules and include testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, corticosteroids, and calcitriol

Answer 10

Steroid hormones

Question 11

Physiological response causes a decrease in the release of the hormone most commonly used

Answer 11

Negative feedback

Question 12

Physiological response causes a increase in the release of the hormone rarely used

Answer 12

Positive feedback

Question 13

One hormone inhibits the response of another therefore they generate opposite responses; example: insulin lower blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar

Answer 13

Antagonistic effects

Question 14

The two hormones generate the same effect and therefore the results is greater the effect that each would generate alone… Ex: ADH, aldosterone all raise blood pressure

Answer 14

Additive effects

Question 15

One hormone is needed to activate another; ex: rennin stimulates the conversion of Angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

Answer 15

Permissive effects

Question 16

Part of the CNS, provides the highest level of endocrine control… Secretes regulatory hormones

Answer 16

Hypothalamus