chapter 16 respiratiory Flashcards
breathing
pulmonary ventilation
inhalation, breathing in
inspiration
exhalation, breathing out
expiration
gas exchange at lungs
external respiration
gas exchange at tissues
internal respiration
this happens to and from lungs and tissues
transport of gases
this happens when cilia push mucus toward the throat to be spit/swallowed or to nostrils to leave nose
mucociliary escalator
what helps kill bacteria in the mucus?
lysozyme
what is the only external portion of the repiratory system?
nose
where does air enter?
nostriols
how many nasal cavities?
two
what are bony projections that increase surface area for warming and moistening inhaled air?
nasal conchae
where are odor receptors located?
olfactory epithelium
connects to the nasal cavities and acts as resonating chambers for speech
paranasal sinuses
separates the oral cavity from nasal cavity
palate
anterior, composed of maxillae and palatine bones
hard palate
postieror, muscular
soft palate
this is the throat, connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx
pharynx
where the pharynx meets nasal cavities
nasopharynx
where the pharynx meets oral cavity
oropharynx
where the pharynx meets larynx
laryngopharynx
what provides the primary lymphatic tissue defense for breathing
tonisls
this has cartilaginous passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
larynx
mucosal folds that vibrate as air is expelled, part of the larynx
vocal cords
opening through larynx, surrounded by vocal cords
glottis
cartilaginous flap over glottis that prevents entrance of food upon swallowing
epiglottis
this connects the larynx to primary bronchi of lungs, ventral to the esophagus, mucosal lining has mucociliary escalator,
trachea
network of tubes carrying air to and from deep parts of lungs where gas occurs
bronchial tree
List the Steps of bronchial tree
- the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi to enter lungs. 2. primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi, one for each lobe of the lungs. (3 lobes on the right, 2 lobes on the left) 3. secondary bronchi divide into territory bronchi. 4. Tertiary bronchi become bronchioles, no cartilage 5. each bronchiole leads to an Alvero duct, which leads to an alveolar sac which leads to alveolus
moving along the pathway of air conduction, the bronchi get smaller and smaller, lose cartilage in the walls and gain smooth muscle
tertiary bronchi
smallest conducting airway
bronchioles
this organ is cone shaped and paired
lungs
pointed at top
apex
flat bottom, rests on the diaphragm
base
double layered serous membrane
pleural
this sits directly on the lungs
visceral pleura
this lines the pleural cavities
parietal pleural
thin-walled sacs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries, sit of gas exchange and external respiration (O2 enter blood CO2 leaves blood)
alveoli
True/False: Alveoli must stay open to receive inhaled air
true
lowers the surface tension of water lining the alveoli preventing them from collapsing completely
surfactant
facilitates rapid gas exchange, composed of fused alveolus with pulmonary capillary, extremely thig with large surface area
respiratory membrane
the manner in which air enters and exits the lungs
ventilation
this phase requires muscle contractions
active phase
this phase is when muscles relax
passive phase
instrument that records the volume of air exchanged during breathing
spirometer
shows the measurements recorded by a spirometer
spiogram
amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during normal breathing
tidal volume
max volume of air that be inhaled plus the max volume of air that can be exhaled in one breath
vital captacity
the volume of air forcibly inspired beyond the tial volume
inspiration reserve volume
the volume of air forcible expire beyond the tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration
residual volume
Explain how to control ventilation
occurs by a primary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, signals coming from here cause contraction of respiratory muscles, normal breathing rhythm *eupnea) also requires input from pons
PO2
Partial pressure of oxygen
PCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
True or false: PO2 in air in alveoli greater than PO2 in blood (oxygen poor) oxygen moves blood
true
True or false: PCO2 in air in alveoli less than PCO2 in blood (CO2 moves out of blood into alveoli and is exhaled)
true
this happens when gas exchanges at tissues
internal respiration
True or False: PO2 in blood (oxygen rich) is greater than PO2 in Tissues, oxygen moves out of blood towards tissues
true
True or false: PCO2 in blood is lower than PCO2 at tissues, CO2 moves blood from tissues
true
increased CO2= decreased pH=acidosis (pH is less than 7.35)
hypoventilation (low breathing rate/depth)
decreased CO2 = increased pH= alkalosis (pH is greater than 7.45)
hyperventilation
