Chapter 14 The Lymphatic System Flashcards
from digestive tract by lacteals, transports them to blood stream
fat absorpition
lymph capillaries that absorb fat in digestive tract
lacteals
takes up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood stream
fluid balance
works with the immune system to protect against disease
defense
this forms a one way system
lymphatic vessels
tiny, closed ended vessels, highly permeable due to presence of Mini valves, take up excess tissue fluid
lymphatic capillaries
this is what fluid is called once within the lymphatic system
lymph
structurally similar to veins, have valves to ensure one way flow of lymph, skeletal muscle contraction helps move lymph past valves
lymphatic vessels
trunks merge into one of two ducts that return lymph to blood via the right and left subclavian veins
lymphatic trunks
drains the left side of the head, left chest, left arm and lower body
thoracic duct
drains the right side of the head, right arm and right chest
right lymphatic duct
localized swelling caused by accumulation of lymph
edema
cells of adaptive immune system, mature into one of two types, t cells, and b cells
lymphocytes
manage immune response and attack and destroy infected cells
T Cells
produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
B Cells
mark antigens for destruction
antibodies
non-self-markers, present on pathogenic microorganisms
antigens
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t cells
maracophages
a network like support that immune cells rest on
stroma
produce reticular fibers the stroma found in lymphoid organs
reticular cells
what are supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structure and immune system cells
two types of lymphoid cells
the process of blood cell formation in red bone marrow,
hematopoiesis
this is where all blood cells are located including lymphocytes
red bone marrow
areas where T and B cells mature
primary lymphoid organs
located posterior to sternum, resting on superior heart, largest in infants and children and shrinks with age, where t cells mature
thymus
areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter antigens and become activated
secondary lymphoid organs
main secondary lymphoid organ of the body, small structures occurring along lymphatic vessels, surrounded by a capsule of connective tissues, lymphocytes filter lymph as it flows through this
lymph nodes
largest lymphatic organ
spleen
has a concentration of lymphocytes, where immune functions occur
white pulp
sites where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed, rich in RBCs and macrophages that engulf them
Red pulp
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
What is included in MALT?
tonsils, peyers’ patches and appendix
offshoot of the first part of the large intestine (cecum) destroys bacteria within intestines, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
appendix
clusters of lymphoid nodules in wall of distal small intestine. Destroy bacteria within intestines, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
peyer’s patches
located in pharynx, first to encounter pathogens entering the body through the nose and mouth via food and air
tonsils
What is the innate defenses made up of
first and second line of defences
Describe first line of defense
it is the external body membranes; surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes along with their secretions. Physical barrier to most microorganisms. Skin and mucous membranes also produce antimicrobial chemical like acids, enzymes, mucin and defesin
Describe the second line of defense
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells, this is necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissue
White blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders via process of phagocytosis
phagocytes
pathogen engulfed and broken down by phagocytes
phagocytosis
WBCs that attack and directly kill cancer cells, virus infected cells and cells recognized as non self
Natural killer cells
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation of inflammatory response
redness, heat, swelling and pain
What are the stages of inflammatory response
- release of inflammatory chemicals from injured tissues 2. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. 3. phagocyte mobilization
activate b cells, other t cells, and macrophages and direct immune response
helper t cells
retain ability to recognize antigens for secondary immune response
memory t cells
directly destroy cells with Non self antigens
cytotoxic t cells
describe immunodeficiency
the immune system is unable to protect the body from disease, can be acquired or genetic, without treatment, infections can be fatal
describe autoimmune diseases
causes unknown, some are hereditary, cytotoxic t cells or antibodies attack the body’s own cell
injection of antibodies in a medical setting
artificial passive immunity
antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
natural passive immunity
occurs when ready antibodies are introduced into the body, b cells do not meet antigens so immunological memory does not occur
passive immunity
in response to dead viruses via vaccines
artificial active immunity
in response to actual infections by bacteria or viruses
natural active immunity
when b cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against tthem
Active immunity
exposure to antigen for first time, peak levels of antibodies are reached in ten days, antibody levels then declines
primary immune response
Describe secondary immune response
re-exposure to same antigen, gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response. Memory cells provide immunological memory. Respond within hours, not days. Antibody levels pea in 2 to 3 days at much higher level, can remain high for weeks to months
these cells make antibodies that circulate through body and bind to antigens marking them for destruction
plasma cells
these cells can mount an immediate response upon secondary exposed to an antigen
memory b cells
what immunity has extracellular targets (targets pathogens outside of body cells)?
humoral immunity
what are the two main branches of adaptive system?
humoral immunity and b cells
what are substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response, targets of all adaptive immune responses, not normally found in body?
antigens
antibodies produced by b cells and circulated freely in body fluids
humoral immunity
Describe the third line of defense in the adaptive defense
attacks particular foreign substances, takes longer to react than innate
acidity of the skin, inhibits growth
acid
lysosomes of saliva, kills microorganism
enzymes
sticky mucus, lines digestive and respiratory tract, taps microorganisms
mucin
antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth
defensins
