Chapter 13 cardiovascular Flashcards
this pumps blood to and from tissues and lungs
heart
through which blood moves
blood vessels
carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues and waster from tissue
blood
What are the functions of the heart?
keeps O2 poor blood separate from O2 rich blood, keeps blood flowing in one direction, creates blood pressure, regulates the blood supply, severs as an endocrine gland
inner layer, epithelia tissue
endocardium
thickest layer, middle layer, made of cardiac muscle tissue
myocardium
outer layer, formed by the visceral serous pericardium
epicardium
sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
where is the fibrous pericardium?
outer
where is the serous pericardium?
inner
where is the parietal serous pericardium located?
outer layer, under fibrous pericardium
where is the visceral serous pericardium?
inner layer, the epicardium
what is found between the two layers of serous pericardium?
pericardial fluid,
two smaller superior chambers
atria
two larger inferiors’ chambers
ventricles
What are the atria separated by?
interatrial septum
what are the ventricles separated by?
interventricular septum
Describe the right atrium
receives oxygen poor blood coming from body tissue via the major venous vessel. inferior and superior vena cave. Oxygen poor blood leaves the right atrium via the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) and enters the right ventricle
Describe the right ventricle
thick wall pump, to pump oxygen poor blood to lungs (pulmonary circuit). blood leaves RV, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, which moves towards the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. In the lungs the blood loses CO2 wastes and picks up oxygen, because oxygenated/rich
Describe the left atrium
O2 rich blood leaves long via the pulmonary veins, which bring the blood into the LA. Blood leaves the LA vis the left AV valve (bicuspid valve and enters LV
Describe the left ventricle
very thick wall pump, to pump blood to tissues of entire body (systemic circuit). Forms the apex point of the heart. Blood leaves the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and moves into the aorta. Oxygen is dropped off at the tissues, then O2 poor blood returns to RA.
This is the major artery that branches to serve all body parts
aorta
T/F: AV valves are always open, except when the ventricles are contracting
True
T/F Semilunar valves are always closed, except when the ventricles are contracting
true
Describe the sound Lub (S1)
when av valves close and ventricles contract, longer lower pitch sound
Describe the sound Dup (S2)
when the semilunar valves close when ventricles relaxed, no longer pushing doors open with the contractile force of blood
Describe the sinoatrial node (SA)
upper posterior wall of the RA, pacemaker, initiates the heartbeat. sends a signal that travels slowly across RA to give enough time to signal to fully speed across LA
Describe the atrioventricular node (AV)
base of the RA near intertrial septum. When signal reaches AV node and has spread across both atria, atria are signaled to contracted
Describe the AV bundle and bundle branches
in interventricular system, signal travels from AV node down AV bundle and through AV bundle ranches towards the apex of the heart
Describe Purkinje Fibers
found in the myocardium, in the walls of ventricles. Impulse travels through these fibers, then stimulates ventricle walls to contact
What are the three parts of the ECG?
P wave, QRS, complex and t wave
this shows then electrical signals travel across the atria, which leads to atrial systole, first bump
P wave
this shows when the electrical signals are traveling across the ventricles which leads to ventricular systole, big spike, at the same time we see the resetting of electrical conditions in the atria, leads to atrial diastole
QRS complex
this shows resetting of electrical conditions in the ventricles, which leads to ventricular diastole, last bump
T wave
What is another name for contraction?
systole
what is another name for relaxtation
diastole
Describe Phase 1: Atrial Systole
atria is in systole, ventricles are in diastole, av valves are open, semilunar valves are closed, blood moves from atria into ventircles
Describe Phase 2: Ventricular Systole
atria are in diastole, ventricular are in systole, av valves are closed, semilunar valves are open, blood leaves ventricles
Describe Phase 3: Atrial and Ventricular Diastole
both atria and ventricles are in diastole, av valves are open, semilunar valves are closed, atria are filling with blood
this is how much blood is pumped by a ventricular in one minute
cardiac output
what term means your heart rate goes up?
sypathetic
what term means your heart rate goes down?
parasympathetic
What are the functions of blood vessels?
transports blood and its contents, carry out gas exchange, regulate BP and direct blood flow
What is the tunica intima?
inner layer
What is the tunica media?
middle layer, smooth muscle tissues
What is the tunica externa?
outer layer
what transports blood away from the heart and have strong walls?
arteries and arterioles
blood pressure is higher than pressure of tissue fluid, so water moves out of capillaries
arterial end of capillary
O2 and nutrients (glucose, amino acids) diffuse out of capillary, CO2 and other wastes diffuse into capillary
midsection capillary
due to water loss at arterial end, BP is now lower than pressure of the surround issue fluid, so water moves back into capillary, only 85% of water lost at arterial end returns to this end
venous end capillary
this is where nutrients and gases are exchanged
capillaries
these return blood to the heart
veins and venules
these are small veins that join to form larger ones
venules
these are present in veins to prevent backflow of blood
valves
the movement of blood through blood vessels from the heart to the body and back to the heart
circuilation
What happens during circulation?
blood flows fastest in arteries due to contraction of LV, blood flows most slowly in capillaries, blood flow increase as venules combine to form veins. Velocity of blood returning to the heart is still low compared to that of blood leaving the heart
the force of blood against blood vessel walls
blood pressure
Where is Bp the highest?
aorta
pressure in the arterial system averaged over time
mean atrial blood pressure (MABP)
the resistance to flow between blood and the walls of a blood vessel
peripheral resistance
this is in the medulla oblongata and regulates vasocontriction
vasomotor center
What happens if BP is low?
vasocontraction and increase HR
What happens if BP is to high?
vessels dilate and HR decreases
Explain hormonal regulation
adrenal medulla hormones increase HR and peripheral resistance, increasing BP
alternating expansion and recoil of arterial walls
pulse
pressure recorded when LV contracts
systolic pressure
pressure recorded when LV relaxes
diastolic pressure
right heart to lungs to left heart
pulmonary circut
left heart to body to right heart
systemic circuit
uses x-rays to visualize blood flow in vessels, often used for coronary arteries
angiography
