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physiology last year > Chapter 16: Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the male reproductive system

A

testes and epididymis

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2
Q

male gonads that produce reproductive cells and sperm

A

testes

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3
Q

process of sperm formation, occurs in walls of seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenesis

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4
Q

2 testes located in the ________ outside the abdominal cavity

A

scrotum

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5
Q

testes are outside the abdominal cavity because spermatogenesis requires a ________ temperature than body cavity

A

cooler

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6
Q

site of sperm maturation and storage, also outside of the body cavity

A

epididymis

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7
Q

testes contain tiny, tightly packed ___________ tubules where sperm is formed

A

seminiferous

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8
Q

seminiferous tubules empty into the _________

A

epididymis

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9
Q

sperm maturation continues here

A

head of epididymis

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10
Q

sperm storage occurs here, empties into the vas deferens

A

tail of epididymis

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11
Q

thick tubule lined with smooth muscle, sperm is stored here

A

vas deferens

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12
Q

after leaving the scrotum, the two vas deferens wrap around the bladder and each one is joined by a _________ gland and __________ vesicle to form two ejaculatory ducts

A

secretory; seminal

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13
Q

spermatozoa, male reproductive cells (gametes)

A

sperm

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14
Q

pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate that joins the urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

three secretory glands in the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

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16
Q

gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the __________ and travels to the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates the release of _________ and _______

A

hypothalamus; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)

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17
Q

gonadotropins stimulate the gonads (tests and ovaries) to _________ and ________

A

stimulate gamete maturation;
stimulate production of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

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18
Q

there is negative feedback by sex hormones on ______ and _________

A

GnRH; gonadotropin secretion

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19
Q

FSH acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate production of ________ and _______

A

sperm; inhibin

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20
Q

LH acts on leydig cells to stimulate production of ________

A

testosterone

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21
Q

inhibin and testosterone provide negative feedback to inhibit production of _______, _______, and ______

A

GnRH; FSH; LH

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22
Q

release of GnRH is triggered by action potentials in the __________

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

pulsatile release of GnRH is important because continuous stimulation causes the GnRH-responsive cells in the pituitary to become ___________

A

desensitized

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24
Q

anabolic steroid hormones that have musicalizing actions
most potent in testes is testosterone

A

androgens (masculinizing hormones

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25
Q

can be converted into peripheral tissues to even more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT), done by the 5-a-reductase enzyme

A

testosterone

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26
Q

testosterone is converted to the female hormone estradiol (estrogen) through the enzyme ________

A

aromatase

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27
Q

engorgement with blood of the 3 cylindrical vascular compartments in the penis
occurs when various inputs trigger neurons into the penis that release nitric oxide

A

erection

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28
Q

impotence
the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection

A

erectile dysfunction

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29
Q

causes of erectile dysfunction

A

nerve damage, endocrine disorders, disease, depression

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30
Q

treatment for erectile dysfunction

A

drugs (viagra, levitra), leads to relaxation of the small arteries in the penis and engorgement of the penis with blood

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31
Q

undescended testis
when one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum
can cause reduced fertility because undescended tests is too warm for normal spermatogenesis

A

cryptorchidism

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32
Q

loss of normal levels of testosterone release from the testes

A

hypogonadism

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33
Q

loss of testosterone before puberty can result in a lack of secondary _______ characteristics

A

sex

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34
Q

results from enlargement of the prostate, starts in middle age

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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35
Q

causes of BPH

A

testosterone from testis (leydig cells) converted to DHT in prostate (by 5-a-reductase)
DHT causes prostate to enlarge, causing pressure in urethra

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36
Q

symptoms of BPH

A

increased urination frequency and urgency
difficulty urinating

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37
Q

treatment for BPH

A

drugs that inhibit conversion of T to DHT can shrink the prostate

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38
Q

organs of the female reproductive system

A

uterus and vagina

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39
Q

where fetal development occurs, behind and above the bladder

A

uterus

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40
Q

canal between the uterus to the outside

A

vagina (birth canal)

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41
Q

lower portion or the uterus that leads to the vagina

A

cervix

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42
Q

external genitalia

A

vulva

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43
Q

attached to uterus by two stalks, female gonads, produce female gametes (ova/eggs) and female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

A

ovaries

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44
Q

attached to uterus
uterine tubes or oviducts
open into abdominal cavity
openings are surrounded by long, fingerlike projections (fimbriae)

A

fallopian tubes

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45
Q

release of an ovum from the ovary
ovum enters fallopian tube and travels towards uterus
matures in uterus - is spermatozoa is present, the ovum may be fertilized

A

ovulation

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46
Q

fertilization occurs in the __________

A

fallopian tubes

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47
Q

most primitive female germ
divide during fetal life
differentiate into primary oocytes BEFORE BIRTH

A

oogenesis

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48
Q

order of differentiation in oogenesis

A

oogonia -> primary oocyte -> first polar body and secondary oocyte -> second polar body and ovum

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49
Q

primary oocytes complete meiosis I to become secondary oocytes just prior to ___________

A

ovulation

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50
Q

secondary oocytes complete meiosis 2 to become ovum in the ___________ only after it is fertilized by a spermatozoa

A

fallopian tube

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51
Q

where eggs exist

A

in ovarian follicles that permit ovulation

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52
Q

portion of follicle left behind after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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53
Q

types of ovarian follicles

A

primordial, primary, secondary, mature

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54
Q

primordial follicles are composed of __________

A

granulosa cells

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55
Q

how primordial follicles differentiate into primary follicles

A

the oocyte increases in size, proliferation of the granulosa cells, and a thick coat surrounds the oocyte (zona pellucida)

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56
Q

thick outer covering of human egg cell, penetrated by sperm acrosome

A

zona pellucida

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57
Q

outer layer of cells around the preantral follicles

A

theca

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58
Q

how preantral cells differentiate into mature follicles

A

the antrum, a fluid filled space, is formed and expands
the egg sits on a mound of granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorous

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59
Q

mound of granulosa cells that holds the egg in a mature follicle

A

culumulus oophorous

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60
Q

fates of the follicles

A

ovulation or atresia

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61
Q

apoptosis of the follicle

A

atresia

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62
Q

stage of follicles are most present in __________

A

primordial follicles

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63
Q

during each menstrual cycle, only one follicle makes it to maturity

A

dominant follicle

64
Q

when more than one egg is fertilized

A

fraternal twins

65
Q

if no pregnancy occurs, the mature follicle ruptures into __________, and granulosa cells enlarge and form gland-like structure that _________

A

corpus luteum; degenerate

66
Q

when one dominant follicle matures (days 1-14)

A

follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

67
Q

ovulation occurs on day ____

A

14

68
Q

when the corpus luteum is formed then degenerates (day 14-28)

A

luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

69
Q

hormones released dung the follicular phase

A

estrogen and inhibin by the granulosa cells

70
Q

hormones released during the luteal phase

A

estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum

71
Q

where conversion of androgens to estrogen occur

A

granulosa cells

72
Q

positive feedback occurs during the menstrual cycle when

A

high levels of estrogen are secreted by the mature follicle during the follicular stage triggers a spike in LH called the LH surge

73
Q

stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum

A

LH surge

74
Q

the drop in FSH and LH hormones in the female menstural cycle indicates

A

the end of the luteal phase and that the corpus luteum disappears and no longer produces sex hormones

75
Q

different types of hormonal birth control

A

progestin
progestin + estrogen

76
Q

drugs that stimulate ovulation

A

GnRH stimulates LH and FSH
inhibits effects of estrogen

77
Q

cells that synthesize androgens in the female reproductive system

A

theca cells

78
Q

muscles that make up the uterus

A

myometrium (thick) and endometrium (epithelial linining)

79
Q

order of the uterine phases

A

menstrual -> proliferative -> secretory

80
Q

uterine phases that occur during the follicular phase

A

menstrual and proliferative

81
Q

when the endometrium sloughs off if pregnancy has not occurred

A

menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

82
Q

when the endometrium starts to regrow

A

proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

83
Q

under control of progestins and estrogens from ovary
endometrium secretes factors prepares for embryo to implant and support pregnancy

A

secretory phase of the uterine cycle

84
Q

name for symptoms of the menstrual phase

A

dysmenorrhea

85
Q

cause of dysmenorrhea

A

prostaglandins stimulate contractions in the uterus and other smooth muscle

86
Q

pre-menstrual disorders

A

PMS and PMDD

87
Q

growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus

A

endometriosis

88
Q

ability to support pregnancy and utilizing energy to switch from growing to reproducing

A

puberty in females

89
Q

first menstural period

A

menarche

90
Q

lack of normal menstrual flow

A

amenorrhea

91
Q

failure to start normal periods at puberty

A

primary amenorrhea

92
Q

loss of normal menstrual periods due to pregnancy, menopause, or stress

A

secondary amenorrhea

93
Q

when follicles and eggs have disappeared through apoptosis

A

atresia

94
Q

hormone levels in menopause

A

follicles are no longer present, so there is no estrogen/progesterone/inhibin secretion by corpus luteum, therefore no feedback inhibition to LH and FSH
LH and FSH are high

95
Q

stage immediately before menopause where physical changes begin to occur (12 months without period)

A

perimenopause

96
Q

difference between obese and not obese women who go through menopause

A

obese women experience less loss of estrogen symptoms due to their fat cells being able to convert androgens into estrogens

97
Q

egg lifespan

A

1-2 days

98
Q

time sperm is viable in the female reproductive tract

A

4-6 days

99
Q

required for sperm to be activated to fertilize an egg

A

capacitation

100
Q

breakdown of the sperm cell’s acrosome which allows for the release of enzymes during fertilization
female secretions make sperm more motile and allow it fuse with an egg

A

capacitation

101
Q

when the follicle ruptures from the ovary, the egg is surrounded by

A

the zona pellucida and some granulosa cells (called corona radiata)

102
Q

thick outer covering of human egg cell with multiple receptors for proteins on the sperm head to allow penetration by sperm acrosome

A

zona pellucida

103
Q

how sperm binds to egg

A

sperm approach the zona pellucida and undergo acrosome reaction that causes the release of digestive enzymes to break down zona pellucida
the first sperm to pass through the zona pellucida fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg

104
Q

when the sperm binds to the egg,

A

cortical granules fuse with the egg plasma membrane and release contents into the extracellular space between the egg and zona pellucida to inactivate sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida

105
Q

to release contents between the zona pellucida and the egg to inactive sperm receptors and prevent sperm from fusing with the egg

A

purpose of cortical granules

106
Q

fertilized egg not implanted into the uterus

A

zygote

107
Q

a zygote that is implanted into the uterus during the first 2 months of development

A

embryo

108
Q

after two months of developmental gestation

A

fetus

109
Q

fertilization occurs in the _________ fallopian tube

A

distal, not ventral

110
Q

cell growth process that occurs in the fallopian tubes

A

cleavage, when no cell growth occurs and the zygotic cells get smaller and smaller

111
Q

zygote after 3 days

A

morula (12-15 cell ball)

112
Q

cell that is undifferentiated and has capability to form into any cell

A

totipotent

113
Q

zygote when it begins to differentiate

A

blastocyst (when it loses its totipotency)

114
Q

when implantation occurs after ovulation

A

7 days (6 after fertilization)

115
Q

outer layer of blastocyst

A

trophoblast

116
Q

phase that implantation occurs

A

during luteal secretory phases and progresterone causes thickening of endometrium

117
Q

part of the blastocyte that becomes the embryo

A

inner cell mass

118
Q

part of the blastocyte that becomes the placenta

A

trophoblast (outer layer)

119
Q

when the zygote implants in the fallopian tube or abdomen

A

ectopic pregnancy

120
Q

the placenta is composed of _________ and _________ tissues

A

maternal; fetal

121
Q

purpose of the placenta

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste
produce estrogen and progesterone that maintains pregnancy

122
Q

embryonic structures of the placenta

A

chorion, chorionic villi, umbilical vein and 2 arteries (umbilical cord)

123
Q

derived from the trophoblast

A

chorion

124
Q

fingerlike structures of chorion in the maternal blood pools

A

chorionic villi

125
Q

placenta is fully formed ___________ after implantation

A

5 weeks

126
Q

how oxygen and nutrients from the mother get to the fetus

A

in the maternal blood, it passes through the chorionic villi and delivered to the fetus via umbilical vein

127
Q

the umbilical vein acts in a different manner than expected because it takes nutrients from the maternal blood and __________ to the fetus

A

carries it

128
Q

the umbilical arteries act in a different manner than expected because it takes fetal waste _________ the fetus and delivers it to the ________ to enter the maternal blood

A

away from; placenta

129
Q

maternal and fetal blood supplies _________ mix

A

DO NOT

130
Q

barrier between maternal and fetal blood supplies

A

chorionic villi

131
Q

agents that cause birth defects

A

teratogens

132
Q

forms between the embryo and chorion

A

amnion, an epithelial membrane

133
Q

amnion layer will eventually hold amniotic fluid and fuses with the _______

A

chorion

134
Q

trophoblasts secrete ______

A

hCG

135
Q

prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum, which maintains the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and prevents the mentsrual cycle from occurring

A

hCG

136
Q

sex hormones that are produced during pregnancy and by what cells

A

estrogen and progesterone
in 1-2 months: the corpus luteum
for the remainder of pregnancy: the placenta

137
Q

it is important for estrogen and progesterone to increase continuously throughout pregnancy to provide negative feedback to inhibit _______ and ________

A

FSH; LH

138
Q

pregnancy induced hypertension, protein in urine, maternal vasoconstriction

A

pre-eclampsia

139
Q

onset of seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia

A

eclampsia

140
Q

childbirth

A

parturition

141
Q

hormones secreted during childbirth

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins to increase contractions (positive feedback loop)

142
Q

sites of milk production

A

alveoli

143
Q

cells that surround the alveoli and adjacent ducts

A

myoepithelial cells (contractile cells to eject milk)

144
Q

stimulates synthesis of milk

A

prolactin

145
Q

inhibits milk production during pregnancy

A

estrogen and progesterone, even though prolactin levels are high

146
Q

causes increased prolactin secretion

A

suckling

147
Q

hormone that prolactin inhibits

A

GnRH and then LH/FSH which is why lactation is sometimes used as birth control

148
Q

watery milk produced in the first few days after birth containing proteins, immune cells, antibodies, but few nutrients (later milk will contain nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and antibodies)

A

colostrum

149
Q

woloffian system becomes

A

male reproductive tract

150
Q

mullerian system becomes

A

female reproductive tract

151
Q

gonadal ridge forms testes

A

+ SRY

152
Q

gonadal ridges form ovaries

A
  • minus SRY
153
Q

function of the MIS hormone secreted by the testes

A

degenerates the mullerian ducts to form the male reproductive tract

154
Q

androgen receptors can’t bind to testosterone (occurs in XY individuals, no internal reproductive system and female external genitalia)

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome

155
Q

too much androgen in XX individuals that causes masculinization

A

congenital adrenal hyperlasia

physiology last year (4 decks)

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