Chapter 16: Reproduction Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
organs of the male reproductive system
A
testes and epididymis
2
Q
male gonads that produce reproductive cells and sperm
A
testes
3
Q
process of sperm formation, occurs in walls of seminiferous tubules
A
spermatogenesis
4
Q
2 testes located in the ________ outside the abdominal cavity
A
scrotum
5
Q
testes are outside the abdominal cavity because spermatogenesis requires a ________ temperature than body cavity
A
cooler
6
Q
site of sperm maturation and storage, also outside of the body cavity
A
epididymis
7
Q
testes contain tiny, tightly packed ___________ tubules where sperm is formed
A
seminiferous
8
Q
seminiferous tubules empty into the _________
A
epididymis
9
Q
sperm maturation continues here
A
head of epididymis
10
Q
sperm storage occurs here, empties into the vas deferens
A
tail of epididymis
11
Q
thick tubule lined with smooth muscle, sperm is stored here
A
vas deferens
12
Q
after leaving the scrotum, the two vas deferens wrap around the bladder and each one is joined by a _________ gland and __________ vesicle to form two ejaculatory ducts
A
secretory; seminal
13
Q
spermatozoa, male reproductive cells (gametes)
A
sperm
14
Q
pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate that joins the urethra
A
bulbourethral glands
15
Q
three secretory glands in the male reproductive system
A
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
16
Q
gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the __________ and travels to the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates the release of _________ and _______
A
hypothalamus; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
17
Q
gonadotropins stimulate the gonads (tests and ovaries) to _________ and ________
A
stimulate gamete maturation;
stimulate production of sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)
18
Q
there is negative feedback by sex hormones on ______ and _________
A
GnRH; gonadotropin secretion
19
Q
FSH acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate production of ________ and _______
A
sperm; inhibin
20
Q
LH acts on leydig cells to stimulate production of ________
A
testosterone
21
Q
inhibin and testosterone provide negative feedback to inhibit production of _______, _______, and ______
A
GnRH; FSH; LH
22
Q
release of GnRH is triggered by action potentials in the __________
A
hypothalamus
23
Q
pulsatile release of GnRH is important because continuous stimulation causes the GnRH-responsive cells in the pituitary to become ___________
A
desensitized
24
Q
anabolic steroid hormones that have musicalizing actions
most potent in testes is testosterone
A
androgens (masculinizing hormones
25
can be converted into peripheral tissues to even more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT), done by the 5-a-reductase enzyme
testosterone
26
testosterone is converted to the female hormone estradiol (estrogen) through the enzyme ________
aromatase
27
engorgement with blood of the 3 cylindrical vascular compartments in the penis
occurs when various inputs trigger neurons into the penis that release nitric oxide
erection
28
impotence
the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection
erectile dysfunction
29
causes of erectile dysfunction
nerve damage, endocrine disorders, disease, depression
30
treatment for erectile dysfunction
drugs (viagra, levitra), leads to relaxation of the small arteries in the penis and engorgement of the penis with blood
31
undescended testis
when one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum
can cause reduced fertility because undescended tests is too warm for normal spermatogenesis
cryptorchidism
32
loss of normal levels of testosterone release from the testes
hypogonadism
33
loss of testosterone before puberty can result in a lack of secondary _______ characteristics
sex
34
results from enlargement of the prostate, starts in middle age
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
35
causes of BPH
testosterone from testis (leydig cells) converted to DHT in prostate (by 5-a-reductase)
DHT causes prostate to enlarge, causing pressure in urethra
36
symptoms of BPH
increased urination frequency and urgency
difficulty urinating
37
treatment for BPH
drugs that inhibit conversion of T to DHT can shrink the prostate
38
organs of the female reproductive system
uterus and vagina
39
where fetal development occurs, behind and above the bladder
uterus
40
canal between the uterus to the outside
vagina (birth canal)
41
lower portion or the uterus that leads to the vagina
cervix
42
external genitalia
vulva
43
attached to uterus by two stalks, female gonads, produce female gametes (ova/eggs) and female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
ovaries
44
attached to uterus
uterine tubes or oviducts
open into abdominal cavity
openings are surrounded by long, fingerlike projections (fimbriae)
fallopian tubes
45
release of an ovum from the ovary
ovum enters fallopian tube and travels towards uterus
matures in uterus - is spermatozoa is present, the ovum may be fertilized
ovulation
46
fertilization occurs in the __________
fallopian tubes
47
most primitive female germ
divide during fetal life
differentiate into primary oocytes BEFORE BIRTH
oogenesis
48
order of differentiation in oogenesis
oogonia -> primary oocyte -> first polar body and secondary oocyte -> second polar body and ovum
49
primary oocytes complete meiosis I to become secondary oocytes just prior to ___________
ovulation
50
secondary oocytes complete meiosis 2 to become ovum in the ___________ only after it is fertilized by a spermatozoa
fallopian tube
51
where eggs exist
in ovarian follicles that permit ovulation
52
portion of follicle left behind after ovulation
corpus luteum
53
types of ovarian follicles
primordial, primary, secondary, mature
54
primordial follicles are composed of __________
granulosa cells
55
how primordial follicles differentiate into primary follicles
the oocyte increases in size, proliferation of the granulosa cells, and a thick coat surrounds the oocyte (zona pellucida)
56
thick outer covering of human egg cell, penetrated by sperm acrosome
zona pellucida
57
outer layer of cells around the preantral follicles
theca
58
how preantral cells differentiate into mature follicles
the antrum, a fluid filled space, is formed and expands
the egg sits on a mound of granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorous
59
mound of granulosa cells that holds the egg in a mature follicle
culumulus oophorous
60
fates of the follicles
ovulation or atresia
61
apoptosis of the follicle
atresia
62
stage of follicles are most present in __________
primordial follicles
63
during each menstrual cycle, only one follicle makes it to maturity
dominant follicle
64
when more than one egg is fertilized
fraternal twins
65
if no pregnancy occurs, the mature follicle ruptures into __________, and granulosa cells enlarge and form gland-like structure that _________
corpus luteum; degenerate
66
when one dominant follicle matures (days 1-14)
follicular phase of the menstrual cycle
67
ovulation occurs on day ____
14
68
when the corpus luteum is formed then degenerates (day 14-28)
luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
69
hormones released dung the follicular phase
estrogen and inhibin by the granulosa cells
70
hormones released during the luteal phase
estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum
71
where conversion of androgens to estrogen occur
granulosa cells
72
positive feedback occurs during the menstrual cycle when
high levels of estrogen are secreted by the mature follicle during the follicular stage triggers a spike in LH called the LH surge
73
stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
LH surge
74
the drop in FSH and LH hormones in the female menstural cycle indicates
the end of the luteal phase and that the corpus luteum disappears and no longer produces sex hormones
75
different types of hormonal birth control
progestin
progestin + estrogen
76
drugs that stimulate ovulation
GnRH stimulates LH and FSH
inhibits effects of estrogen
77
cells that synthesize androgens in the female reproductive system
theca cells
78
muscles that make up the uterus
myometrium (thick) and endometrium (epithelial linining)
79
order of the uterine phases
menstrual -> proliferative -> secretory
80
uterine phases that occur during the follicular phase
menstrual and proliferative
81
when the endometrium sloughs off if pregnancy has not occurred
menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
82
when the endometrium starts to regrow
proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
83
under control of progestins and estrogens from ovary
endometrium secretes factors prepares for embryo to implant and support pregnancy
secretory phase of the uterine cycle
84
name for symptoms of the menstrual phase
dysmenorrhea
85
cause of dysmenorrhea
prostaglandins stimulate contractions in the uterus and other smooth muscle
86
pre-menstrual disorders
PMS and PMDD
87
growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus
endometriosis
88
ability to support pregnancy and utilizing energy to switch from growing to reproducing
puberty in females
89
first menstural period
menarche
90
lack of normal menstrual flow
amenorrhea
91
failure to start normal periods at puberty
primary amenorrhea
92
loss of normal menstrual periods due to pregnancy, menopause, or stress
secondary amenorrhea
93
when follicles and eggs have disappeared through apoptosis
atresia
94
hormone levels in menopause
follicles are no longer present, so there is no estrogen/progesterone/inhibin secretion by corpus luteum, therefore no feedback inhibition to LH and FSH
LH and FSH are high
95
stage immediately before menopause where physical changes begin to occur (12 months without period)
perimenopause
96
difference between obese and not obese women who go through menopause
obese women experience less loss of estrogen symptoms due to their fat cells being able to convert androgens into estrogens
97
egg lifespan
1-2 days
98
time sperm is viable in the female reproductive tract
4-6 days
99
required for sperm to be activated to fertilize an egg
capacitation
100
breakdown of the sperm cell's acrosome which allows for the release of enzymes during fertilization
female secretions make sperm more motile and allow it fuse with an egg
capacitation
101
when the follicle ruptures from the ovary, the egg is surrounded by
the zona pellucida and some granulosa cells (called corona radiata)
102
thick outer covering of human egg cell with multiple receptors for proteins on the sperm head to allow penetration by sperm acrosome
zona pellucida
103
how sperm binds to egg
sperm approach the zona pellucida and undergo acrosome reaction that causes the release of digestive enzymes to break down zona pellucida
the first sperm to pass through the zona pellucida fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg
104
when the sperm binds to the egg,
cortical granules fuse with the egg plasma membrane and release contents into the extracellular space between the egg and zona pellucida to inactivate sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida
105
to release contents between the zona pellucida and the egg to inactive sperm receptors and prevent sperm from fusing with the egg
purpose of cortical granules
106
fertilized egg not implanted into the uterus
zygote
107
a zygote that is implanted into the uterus during the first 2 months of development
embryo
108
after two months of developmental gestation
fetus
109
fertilization occurs in the _________ fallopian tube
distal, not ventral
110
cell growth process that occurs in the fallopian tubes
cleavage, when no cell growth occurs and the zygotic cells get smaller and smaller
111
zygote after 3 days
morula (12-15 cell ball)
112
cell that is undifferentiated and has capability to form into any cell
totipotent
113
zygote when it begins to differentiate
blastocyst (when it loses its totipotency)
114
when implantation occurs after ovulation
7 days (6 after fertilization)
115
outer layer of blastocyst
trophoblast
116
phase that implantation occurs
during luteal secretory phases and progresterone causes thickening of endometrium
117
part of the blastocyte that becomes the embryo
inner cell mass
118
part of the blastocyte that becomes the placenta
trophoblast (outer layer)
119
when the zygote implants in the fallopian tube or abdomen
ectopic pregnancy
120
the placenta is composed of _________ and _________ tissues
maternal; fetal
121
purpose of the placenta
deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste
produce estrogen and progesterone that maintains pregnancy
122
embryonic structures of the placenta
chorion, chorionic villi, umbilical vein and 2 arteries (umbilical cord)
123
derived from the trophoblast
chorion
124
fingerlike structures of chorion in the maternal blood pools
chorionic villi
125
placenta is fully formed ___________ after implantation
5 weeks
126
how oxygen and nutrients from the mother get to the fetus
in the maternal blood, it passes through the chorionic villi and delivered to the fetus via umbilical vein
127
the umbilical vein acts in a different manner than expected because it takes nutrients from the maternal blood and __________ to the fetus
carries it
128
the umbilical arteries act in a different manner than expected because it takes fetal waste _________ the fetus and delivers it to the ________ to enter the maternal blood
away from; placenta
129
maternal and fetal blood supplies _________ mix
DO NOT
130
barrier between maternal and fetal blood supplies
chorionic villi
131
agents that cause birth defects
teratogens
132
forms between the embryo and chorion
amnion, an epithelial membrane
133
amnion layer will eventually hold amniotic fluid and fuses with the _______
chorion
134
trophoblasts secrete ______
hCG
135
prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum, which maintains the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and prevents the mentsrual cycle from occurring
hCG
136
sex hormones that are produced during pregnancy and by what cells
estrogen and progesterone
in 1-2 months: the corpus luteum
for the remainder of pregnancy: the placenta
137
it is important for estrogen and progesterone to increase continuously throughout pregnancy to provide negative feedback to inhibit _______ and ________
FSH; LH
138
pregnancy induced hypertension, protein in urine, maternal vasoconstriction
pre-eclampsia
139
onset of seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia
eclampsia
140
childbirth
parturition
141
hormones secreted during childbirth
oxytocin and prostaglandins to increase contractions (positive feedback loop)
142
sites of milk production
alveoli
143
cells that surround the alveoli and adjacent ducts
myoepithelial cells (contractile cells to eject milk)
144
stimulates synthesis of milk
prolactin
145
inhibits milk production during pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone, even though prolactin levels are high
146
causes increased prolactin secretion
suckling
147
hormone that prolactin inhibits
GnRH and then LH/FSH which is why lactation is sometimes used as birth control
148
watery milk produced in the first few days after birth containing proteins, immune cells, antibodies, but few nutrients (later milk will contain nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and antibodies)
colostrum
149
woloffian system becomes
male reproductive tract
150
mullerian system becomes
female reproductive tract
151
gonadal ridge forms testes
+ SRY
152
gonadal ridges form ovaries
- minus SRY
153
function of the MIS hormone secreted by the testes
degenerates the mullerian ducts to form the male reproductive tract
154
androgen receptors can't bind to testosterone (occurs in XY individuals, no internal reproductive system and female external genitalia)
androgen insensitivity syndrome
155
too much androgen in XX individuals that causes masculinization
congenital adrenal hyperlasia
