Chapter 11: Endocrinology and Metabolism Flashcards
the endocrine system is best used when signaling needs to occur _______ ________ ________, to diffuse recipients for long-lived actions
over large distances
similarities between endocrine and neural system
both use chemical messengers for signaling
both operate in a stimulus-response manner
chemical messenger for neural system
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger for endocrine system
hormone
differences between endocrine and neural system
signaling specificity
signaling speed
(neural needs quicker speed)
endocrine glands produce hormones that go straight to the ________
bloodstream
secrete hormones into the internal environment without ductal structures (secretes directly into the blood)
lots of vascularization
ductless glands secrete hormones
endocrine gland
a single endocrine gland can secrete ________ hormones
multiple
the endocrine system is one of the ______ major control systems in the body
two, the other one is nervous system
a chemical acting as a hormone in the endocrine system may serve as a __________ in the nervous system or as an _______/_______ agent
neurotransmitter; autocrine/paracrine
3 chemical classes of hormones
amines (thyroid hormones and catecholamines)
peptide and protein hormones
steroid hormones and vitamin derivatives
hormone derived from the amino acid tyrosine
water soluble
has 2 types
amine
2 types of amine hormones
thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
amine hormones that are produced by adrenal glands and released in the medulla
dopamine is released by the brain
catecholamines
steps of peptide hormone synthesis and how peptide hormones are released
1.) synthesis of preprohormones on ribosomes
2.) cleavage to prohormones in rough ER
3.) packaged into secretory vesicles by Golgi apparatus; cleaved again to yield active hormone
4.) remaining peptides are secreted along with hormone; may have hormonal effects
*enter/exit lipid bilayer via endocytosis/exocytosis
hydrophobic and water soluble hormone
produced by adrenal cortex, gonads, and skin
steroid hormones
molecule from which all steroid hormones are synthesized
cholesterol (it’s the precursor)
zona glomerulosa tissue produces ________
aldosterone
zona fasciculata tissue produces ________ and ________
cortisol; small amounts of androgens
zona reticularis tissue produces ________ and ________
androgens; small amounts fo cortisol
biological women cannot produce cortisol, so it shifts to male hormones
masculinization
no 17-hydroprogesterone, no
cortisol
steroid hormone produced by the gonads: in testes, ___________ is the precursor of major male androgen testosterone
androstenedione
steroid hormone produced by the gonads: in ovaries, the enzyme __________ converts testosterone into the major female sex hormone __________
aromatase; estradiol