Chapter 16 - Part 2

Question 1

what do intracellular and viral infections the host response causes what?

Answer 1

tissue injury

Question 2

what happens first in a primary viral infection?

Answer 2

virus infects epithelial cells and replicates amongst them

Question 3

what is the effect of intracellular viral infection?

Answer 3

epithelial cells make Type I Interferons (IFN-alpha) which involves an autocrine feedback loop

Question 4

what does IFN-alpha do?

Answer 4

inhibits viral gene replication and upregulates MHC class I molecules

Question 5

what transports Ag to local LNs via lymphatics?

Answer 5

professional APCs ie Langerhans in the skin

Question 6

what is the 1st cytokine to respond to infection? whats next?

Answer 6

TNF, then IL-1, then IL-6

Question 7

what is the cause of swollen and painful LNs?

Answer 7

when lymphocytes become trapped in the local inflamed node

Question 8

what do Th1 cells secrete to activate virus-specific CTLs?

Answer 8

IFN-Gamma, IL-2

Question 9

As Th and CTLs leave the LN and ultimately enter the blood, what are their key attributes

Answer 9

virus-specific TCR
up-regulated adhesion molecules
up-regulated cytokine production

Question 10

Where may NK cells be recruited at during virus infection?

Answer 10

early, innate anti-viral role when activated by epithelium cytokines (IFN-alpha)

later when activated by Th1 cells specific for the virus

Question 11

what is innate immunity mediated by and what cytokines are involved?

Answer 11

phagocytes and NK cells

IL-12 and IFN-Gamma

Question 12

what is adaptive immunity mediated by and what eliminates microbes?

Answer 12

cell-mediated

T cells activate phagocytes to eliminate

Question 13

what kind of pathogens in the endogenous pathway?

how are they degraded?

Answer 13

intracellular pathogens (viruses) loaded onto MHC class I and complex activates CTLs

by proteosomes, shuttling done by TAP proteins into ER

Question 14

what kind of pathogens in exogenous pathway?

how are they destroyed?

Answer 14

extracellular pathogens are engulfed by phagosomes via MHC Class II, activate helper T cells to make Abs

Question 15

activated DCs and macrophages produce what?

what do they activate?

Answer 15

IL-12 and IL-15

activate NK cells (provide earl defense against microbes)

Question 16

What TLR does M. tuberculosis use?

how does M. tuberculosis survive?

Answer 16

TLR2

in phagosomes by preventing acid-containing lysosomes from fusing with phagosomes

Question 17

how is M. tuberculosis killed?

Answer 17

by macrophages destroying microbes in phagosomes and then by cross presentation of cytosolic Ags to kill the infected cells (CTLs)

Question 18

what intracellular bacteria evades immune response by inhibition of phagolysosome formation?

Answer 18

M. tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila

Question 19

what intracellular bacteria evades immune response by inactivation of ROS and nitrogen species?

Answer 19

Myobacterium leprae (phenolic glycolipid)

Question 20

what intracellular bacteria evades immune response by disruption of phagosome membrane, escape into cytoplasm?

Answer 20

Listeria monocytogenes (hemolysin protein)

Question 21

what is the outcome in patients with Myobacterium leprae with a Th1 response?

Answer 21

Tuberculoid leprosy

Question 22

what is the outcome in patients with Myobacterium leprae with a defective Th1 or dominant Th2 response?

Answer 22

Lepromatous leprosy (high bacterial count)

Question 23

how are intracellular pathogens eliminated?

Answer 23

cell-mediated immunity mechanisms

Question 24

what kind of response is required for clearance of a fungal infection?

Answer 24

Th1

Question 25

Dectin-1 plays an important role in what? where is it expressed? what kind of receptor does it have?

Answer 25

antifungal innate immunity macrophages, receptor for Beta-glucans

Question 26

what does the binding of Dectin-1 and Beta-glucan mediate?

Answer 26

ROS and activation of NF-KB, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines

Question 27

Dectin combined with what TLRs combine to enhance responses triggered by fungi?

Answer 27

TLR2 and TLR6

Question 28

what are the principal mechanisms of protective immunity against protozoa?

Answer 28

Abs, phagocytosis, macrophages

Question 29

what are the principal mechanisms of protective immunity against metazoa?

Answer 29

scistosoma - killing by eosinophils, macrophages filaria - cell-mediated immunity

Question 30

what parasites use antigenic variation as immune evasion?

Answer 30

trypanosomes, plasmodium

Question 31

what parasites use acquired resistance to complement and CTL as immune evasion?

Answer 31

Schistosomes

Question 32

The parasite Filaria and trypanosomes use what mechanism for immune evasion?

Answer 32

inhibition of host immune responses

Question 33

The parasite Entamoeba uses what mechanism for immune evasion?

Answer 33

Ag shedding

Question 34

What immune components are important for extracellular bacteria protection?

Answer 34

Ab, complement, neutrophils, Th2 cells, NK cells (ctyokines)

Question 35

What immune components are important for intracellular bacteria protection?

Answer 35

Th1 cells, Macrophages NK (cytokines)

Question 36

What immune components are important for virus protection?

Answer 36

Ab, Th2, Th1, CTLs NK (lysis)

Question 37

What immune components are important for fungi protection?

Answer 37

Th1, Macrophages

Question 38

What immune components are important for parasite protection?

Answer 38

Ab, Th1, Macrophages

Question 39

what was the earliest type of vaccine? latest?

Answer 39

live attenuated (ie. MMR) polyvalent (ie Strep)

Question 40

what kind of vaccine does the flu and pneumoniae use?

Answer 40

conjugate

Question 41

what type of vaccine is used for inactivated polio?

Answer 41

killed or inactivated vaccine

Question 42

what kind of vaccine used for Hep B? Diptheria and tetanus?

Answer 42

Recombinant Subunit