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Immunology Final Exam - AH > Chapter 16 - Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does mast cell degranulation do? what is it perceived as?

A

enhance blood flow

itchiness and irritation

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2
Q

what attracts neutrophils to infection sites?

A

C5a, IL-8, and bacterial products

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3
Q

where are bacterial Ags processed and presented?

A

local LNs

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4
Q

what are processed bacterial proteins presented to?

A

Class II MHC molecules for differentiation of naive T cells

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Initially, IgM class Ab is produced, then affinity maturation, isotype switching, and finally clonal expansion.

A

FALSE

Isotype switching occurs LAST

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6
Q

in the resolution of an infection, what removes bacterial debris?

A

local macrophages and neutrophils, or by Abs

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7
Q

infections caused by pathogenic extracellular bacteria have what 2 mechanisms?

A
  1. inflammation causing tissue destruction

2. production of toxins with diverse pathological effects

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8
Q

what are bacterial toxins subdivided into?

A

endotoxins - bacterial cell wall components

exotoxins - secreted by the bacteria

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9
Q

what is a common endotoxin and what does it activate?

what can it lead to?

A

LPS activates macrophages, DCs and endothelial cells

leads to gram negative sepsis

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10
Q

what are 3 common extotoxins which are cytotoxic? what are their methods of action?

A

diphtheria - shuts down protein synthesis
cholera - ion/water transport interference
tetanus - inhibits neuromuscular transmission

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11
Q

what can exotoxins stimulate the production of?

A

cytokines that cause disease

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12
Q

what are the main mechanisms of innate immunity to extracellular bacteria?

A

complement act.
phagocytosis
inflammation

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13
Q

what activates the alternative complement system?

A

Peptidoglycans (gram +) and LPS (gram -) bacteria

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14
Q

what does the MAC lyse?

A

bacteria (Neisseria)

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15
Q

What are the 3 major effectors of the complement system?

A

anaphylatoxins (C4a/C3a/C5a)
opsonins (C3b)
MAC

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16
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of prevention of host bystander damage (regulation)?

A

Factor I cofactor activity
Decay-acceleration activity for C3
Inhibition of lysis

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17
Q

what prevents C3b from forming active convertases?

A

Factor I
MCP
CR1
Factor H

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18
Q

what prevents C4b from forming an active convertase?

A

Factor I
MCP
CR1
C4BP

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19
Q

what proteins inhibit the classical pathway?

A

DAF
CR1
C4BP

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20
Q

what proteins inhibit the alternative pathway?

A

DAF
CR1
Factor H

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21
Q

What factors inhibit the MAC formation?

A

CD59
Vitronectin
S protein

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22
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages use surface ______ to recognize extracellular bacteria?

What receptors do they use to recognize bacteria opsonized with Abs and complement proteins?

A

mannose and scavenger receptors

Fc and complement receptors

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23
Q

what ingests and destroys bacteria?

A

recruited leukocytes

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24
Q

what does TLR1 and 2 recognize?

A

lipoprotein

25
What does TLR4 recognize? what amplifies the detection?
LPS CD14
26
What does TLR5 recognize?
flagellin
27
what does TLR9 recognize?
CpG DNA
28
what is the most important activator of the inflammatory response? what adaptor protein is required?
NF-KB MyD88
29
what detects intracellular pathogens?
NOD2 and NLRP3
30
what inhibits NF-KB activation?
CARD8
31
what mediates the production of Type I interferon?
TLR4, TLR9, NOD2
32
the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome results in what?
cleavage of pro-IL-1Beta and pro-IL-18 generating a matured form of cytokines
33
what is lactorferrin and what does it do?
Fe scavenger/exporter grabs Fe 2+
34
iNOS converts what to what?
Citruline to Arginine
35
what does the NADPH oxidase utilize as a catalyst?
SOD (superoxide dimutase)
36
what are bacterial defense mechanisms?
modification of their surface catalase expression, converts reactive species to less harmful compounds prevention of protein complexes that synthesize RNS or ROS
37
what kind of bacteria uses resistance to phagocytosis as evasion?
pneumococcus | Neisseria meningitidis
38
what kind of bacteria uses scavenging of ROS for evasion?
catalase-positive staphylococci
39
how does humoral immunity function against extracellular bacteria?
block infection, eliminate microbes, neutralize their toxins
40
ABs responses against extracellular bacteria are directed at what?
cell wall Ags and secreted cell-associated toxins
41
humoral immunity is the principal mech of defense against what?
TI polysaccharide-rich Ags of encapsulated bacteria
42
what Ab may IFN-Gamma stimulate production of?
IgGs
43
what is the major injury in response to extracellular bacteria?
inflammation and septic shock
44
what causes septic shock?
endotoxin released by killed gram + or - extracellular bacteria, caused by cytokines that are produced by macrophages
45
what does TNF-alpha upregulate?
Tissue factor (TF) and iNOS
46
what does IL-18 do?
induces INF-Gamma --> act. macrophages
47
what cytokines activate neutrophils, lymphocytes and vascular endothelium, upregulate cellular adhesion molecules, induce prostaglandins, etc.
IL-1, 6, 12, 15, 18, TNF-alpha, IL-10 (negative regulator)
48
What chemokines mobilize and activate inflammatory cells (neutrophils) and act. macrophages?
IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3
49
what lipid mediators activate vascular endothelium, regulate vascular tone, act. extrinsic coagulation cascade?
prostaglandins, leukotrienes
50
what oxygen radicals have antimicrobial properties and regulate vascular tone?
superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, NO
51
what do superantigens bind to?
``` class II MHC OUTSIDE the peptide grinding groove binds variable region of diff. TCR Beta chains regardless of specificty ```
52
what do superantigens cause?
polyclonal T cell activation
53
what are some SAgs in human disease?
``` food poisoning - SEA-SEE and SEG-SEI Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Streoiciccal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) Kawaski disease (KD) Autoimmune diseases ```
54
what causes TSS, what is the result?
S. aureus capillary leak syndrome
55
what causes STSS, what is it
S. pyogenes most severe form of invasive streptococcal infection
56
what causes ARF?
post-infection cause of preventable pediatric heart disease
57
what is KD?
acute multi-system vasculitis
58
what is the major mechanism used by bacteria to evade humoral immunity?
variation of surface Ags
59
What can activate the alternative or MBL complement system? what is the result?
surface LPS, C-reactive protein bacterial lysis

Immunology Final Exam - AH (6 decks)

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