Chapter 16 Neural Integration II

Question 1

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Answer 1

• operates under conscious control
• seldom affects long-term survival

Question 2

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 2

• Operates without conscious instuction
• Coordinates systems functions:
  –cardiovascular
  –respiratory
  – digestive
  – urinary
  – reproductive

Question 3

Autonomic Ganglia

Answer 3

Peripheral ganglia
Contain many ganglionic neurons
Ganglionic neurons innervate visceral effectors:
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
- glands
- adipose tissues

Question 4

Sympathetic Division

Answer 4

“Kicks in” only during exertion, stress, or emergency
fight or flight division
to manage crisis

Question 5

Parasympathetic Division

Answer 5

Controls during resting conditions
resting relax

Question 6

Fight or flight

Answer 6

sympathetic division readies body for crisis
increase in sympathetic activity:
- stimulates tissue metabolism
- increases alertness

Question 7

7 Responses to increased sympathetic activity

Answer 7

1. Heightened mental alertness
2. Increased metabolic rate
3. reduced digestive and urinary functions
4. Energy reserves activated
5. Increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageways dilate
6. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
7. Sweat glands activated

Question 8

Rest and Repose

Answer 8

Parasympathetic division stimulates visceral activity
Conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities

Question 9

Pattern of Responses to Increased Levels of Parasympathetic Activity

Answer 9

Decreased
- metabolic rate
- heart rate and blood pressure
Increased
- salivary and digestive glands secretion
- motility and blood flow in the digestive tract
Urination and defecation stimulation

Question 10

Parasympathetic Activation

Answer 10

Centers on relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption
Localized effects, last a few seconds at most

Question 11

10 effects of Parasympathetic Activation

Answer 11

1. constriction of pupils
2. Secretion by digestive glands
   3.Secretion of hormones
3. changes in blood flow and glandular activity
4. Increases smooth muscle activity
5. Defecation
6. Contraction of urinary bladder
7. Constriction of respiratory passageways
   9.reduction in heart rate
8. sexual arouse

Question 12

Dual Innervation

Answer 12

• Most vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic division
• 2 division commonly have opposing effects
• autonomic tone

Question 13

Memories

Answer 13

are stored bits of information gathered through experience

Question 14

Fact Memories

Answer 14

Are specific bits of information

Question 15

skill memories

Answer 15

-learned motor behaviors
-incorporated at unconscious level with repetition
-programmed behavior stored in appropriate area of brain stem

Question 16

Short-Term Memories

Answer 16

• Information that can be recalled immediately
• contain small bits of information

Question 17

Long-Term Memories

Answer 17

Can last entire lifetime

Question 18

Memory Consolidation

Answer 18

Conversion from short-term to long-term memory
- Amygdaloid body and hippocampus: are essential to memory consolidation

Question 19

2 types of long-term memory

Answer 19

Secondary memories fade and require effort to recall
Tertiary memories are with you for life

Question 20

Damage to Hippocampus

Answer 20

• Inability to convert short-term memories to new long-term memories
• existing long-term memories remains intact and accessible

Question 21

Factors of Conversion

Answer 21

• Nature, intensity, and frequency of the original stimulus
• strong, repeated, and exceedingly pleasant or unpleasant events likely converted to long-term memories