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Final > Chapter 14 The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 14 The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What does the human brain contain?

A

Almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue

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2
Q

what are the 6 regions of the Brain

A

Cerebrum (more evolved (human brain))
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pon
Medulla oblongata

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3
Q

what make up the brain stem?

A

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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4
Q

What is Cerebrum?

A

-Largest part of the brain
-Controls higher mental functions = things dogs can’t do(talk for ex.)
- Divided into left & right cerebral hemisphere
- Surface layer of gray matter ( neural cortex)

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5
Q

what is Cerebellum?

A
  • Second largest part of the brain
  • Coordinates repetitive body movement
  • 2 hemispheres
  • Covered with cerebellar cortex
  • Highly involved with muscle coordination
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6
Q

Disorders of the Cerebellum (damage to the cerebellum)

A

Ataxia:
- damage from trauma or stroke
- intoxication (temporary disturbance)
- disturbs muscle coordination

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7
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Located under the cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Linked cerebrum with brain stem
  • 3 divisions:
  • left thalamus
  • right thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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8
Q

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Thalamus:
- relays and processes sensory information
Hypothalamus:
- hormone production
- emotion
- autonomic function

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9
Q

The Brain Stem

A

Processes information between:
- spinal cord and cerebrum
- spinal cord and cerebellum
Includes:
- mesencephalon
- pons
- medulla oblongata

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10
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Also called the midbrain
  • Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
  • Maintains consciousness
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11
Q

Pons

A

Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Is inolved in somatic and visceral motor control

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12
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Connects the brain to the spinal cord
-relays information
regulates autonomic functions:
- heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

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13
Q

Brain Protection and Support

A
  • Physical protection:
    – bones of the cranium
    – cranial meninges
    – cerebrospinal fluid
  • Biochemical isolation:
    –Blood-brain barrier
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14
Q

The Cranial Meninges

A

Has 3 layers:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Is continuous with spinal meninges
Protects the brain from cranial trauma

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid ( CSF )

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain

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16
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  1. Cushions delicate neural structures
  2. Supports brain
  3. Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products (do not transport oxygen & carbon monoxide)
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17
Q

Forming CSF

A

Choroid plexus:
- Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries:
– secrete CSF into ventricles
– Remove waste products from CSF
– Adjust the composition of CSF
- Produces about 500 ml of CSF/day

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18
Q

Circulating CSF

A

CSF circulates:
- from choroid plexus
- thorough ventricles
- to the central canal of the spinal cord
- into subarachnoid space around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina

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19
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain

A

Delivered by internal carotid arteries (middle anterior) and vertebral arteries = posterior

20
Q

Cerebrovascular Disease

A
  • Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain
  • Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA):
    – shuts off blood to portion of brain
    – neurons die
21
Q

Reflex Centers

A
  • Located in Medulla
  • Control peripheral system:
    – Cardiovascular centers:
    —cardiovascular centers:
    —control peripheral systems
    —respiratory rhythmicity centers
22
Q

The Pons

A
  1. Nuclei involved with respiration:
    – Apneustic center and Pneumotaxic center
    – Modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity
23
Q

The Diencephalon

A

Integrates sensory information and motor commands

24
Q

The Pineal Gland

A
  • Secretes hormone melatonin
25
Q

The Thalamus

A
  • Filters ascending sensory information for the primary
  • Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
26
Q

The Third Ventricle

A
  • Separates left thalamus and right thalamus
  • Intermediate mass:
  • projection of gray matter
  • extends into the ventricle from each side
27
Q

what structure of the hypothalamus?

A

Mamillary bodies:
- process olfactory and other sensory information
- control reflex eating movements

28
Q

8 Functions of the Hypothalamus (1-4)

A
  1. provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle
  2. Controls autonomic function
  3. Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems
  4. Secretes hormones:
    –antidiuretic hormonene (ADH)
    –oxytocin (OT)
    antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = causes the body/kidneys to decrease urine volume
    oxytocin(OT) - stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
29
Q

8 Functions of the hypothalamus (5-8)

A
  1. Produces emotions and behavioral drives:
    - the feeding center (hunger)
    - the thirst center (thirst)
    6.(don’t worry) coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
  2. Regulates body temperature:
    - preoptic area of hypothalamus
  3. Controls circadian rhythms ( day-night cycles)
30
Q

The Limbic System

A

Is a functional grouping that:
- establishes emotional states
- links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem
- facilitates memory storage and retrieval

31
Q

Components of the Limbic System (1/4)

A

Amygdaloid body:
- interfaces limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems

32
Q

Components of the Limbic System (2/4)

A

Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere:
- cingulate gyrus
- dentate gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus
- hippocampus

33
Q

The cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain
Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
processes somatic sensory and motor information

34
Q

3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body
  2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike
  3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
35
Q

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

A
  • Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas
36
Q

Motor Areas

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe:
- directs voluntary movements
Primary motor cortex
- is the surface of precentral gyrus
Pyramidal cells:
- are neurons of primary motor cortex

37
Q

Sensory Areas

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe:
- receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain vibration, taste, and temperature)
Primary sensory cortex:
- surface of post central gyrus

38
Q

Special Sensory Cortexes

A

Visual Cortex
- information from sight receptors
Auditors cortex
- information from sound receptors
Olfactory cortex
- information from odor receptors
Gustatory cortex:
- information from taste receptors

39
Q

Associate Areas

A

Sensory association areas:
- monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex
Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex):
- coordinates motor responses (learned movements)

40
Q

Sensory Association Areas

A

SOmatic sensory association area:
- interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g. recognizes and responds to touch)
Visual association area:
- interprets activity in visual cortex
Auditory association area:
- monitors auditory cortex

41
Q

Integrative Centers

A

-Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
-receive information from association areas
-direct complex motor or analytical activities

42
Q

General Interpretive Area

A

also called Wernicke’s area
- receives information from all sensory association areas
- coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories

43
Q

two of integrative areas?

A

Speech center:
- is associated with general interpretive area
- coordinates all vocalization functions
Prefrontal cortex of the front lobe:
- integrates information from sensory association
- performs abstract intellectual activites (predicting consequences of actions)

44
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A
  • Functional differences between left and right hemisphere
  • Each cerebral hemisphere
  • performs certain functions
  • not performed by the opposite hemisphere
45
Q

The Left Hemisphere

A

In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls:
- reading, writing, and math
- decision-making
- speech and language

46
Q

The Right Hemisphere

A

Right cerebral hemisphere relates to:
- recognition (faces, voice inflections)
- spatial relations
- analysis by touch

Final (3 decks)

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