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Chapter 14 The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What does the human brain contain?

A

Almost 98% of the body’s neural tissue

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2
Q

what are the 6 regions of the Brain

A

Cerebrum (more evolved (human brain))
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pon
Medulla oblongata

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3
Q

what make up the brain stem?

A

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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4
Q

What is Cerebrum?

A

-Largest part of the brain
-Controls higher mental functions = things dogs can’t do(talk for ex.)
- Divided into left & right cerebral hemisphere
- Surface layer of gray matter ( neural cortex)

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5
Q

what is Cerebellum?

A
  • Second largest part of the brain
  • Coordinates repetitive body movement
  • 2 hemispheres
  • Covered with cerebellar cortex
  • Highly involved with muscle coordination
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6
Q

Disorders of the Cerebellum (damage to the cerebellum)

A

Ataxia:
- damage from trauma or stroke
- intoxication (temporary disturbance)
- disturbs muscle coordination

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7
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Located under the cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Linked cerebrum with brain stem
  • 3 divisions:
  • left thalamus
  • right thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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8
Q

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Thalamus:
- relays and processes sensory information
Hypothalamus:
- hormone production
- emotion
- autonomic function

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9
Q

The Brain Stem

A

Processes information between:
- spinal cord and cerebrum
- spinal cord and cerebellum
Includes:
- mesencephalon
- pons
- medulla oblongata

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10
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Also called the midbrain
  • Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
  • Maintains consciousness
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11
Q

Pons

A

Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Is inolved in somatic and visceral motor control

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12
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-Connects the brain to the spinal cord
-relays information
regulates autonomic functions:
- heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion

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13
Q

Brain Protection and Support

A
  • Physical protection:
    – bones of the cranium
    – cranial meninges
    – cerebrospinal fluid
  • Biochemical isolation:
    –Blood-brain barrier
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14
Q

The Cranial Meninges

A

Has 3 layers:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Is continuous with spinal meninges
Protects the brain from cranial trauma

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid ( CSF )

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain

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16
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  1. Cushions delicate neural structures
  2. Supports brain
  3. Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products (do not transport oxygen & carbon monoxide)
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17
Q

Forming CSF

A

Choroid plexus:
- Specialized ependymal cells and capillaries:
– secrete CSF into ventricles
– Remove waste products from CSF
– Adjust the composition of CSF
- Produces about 500 ml of CSF/day

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18
Q

Circulating CSF

A

CSF circulates:
- from choroid plexus
- thorough ventricles
- to the central canal of the spinal cord
- into subarachnoid space around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina

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19
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain

A

Delivered by internal carotid arteries (middle anterior) and vertebral arteries = posterior

20
Q

Cerebrovascular Disease

A
  • Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain
  • Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA):
    – shuts off blood to portion of brain
    – neurons die
21
Q

Reflex Centers

A
  • Located in Medulla
  • Control peripheral system:
    – Cardiovascular centers:
    —cardiovascular centers:
    —control peripheral systems
    —respiratory rhythmicity centers
22
Q

The Pons

A
  1. Nuclei involved with respiration:
    – Apneustic center and Pneumotaxic center
    – Modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity
23
Q

The Diencephalon

A

Integrates sensory information and motor commands

24
Q

The Pineal Gland

A
  • Secretes hormone melatonin
25
The Thalamus
- Filters ascending sensory information for the primary - Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
26
The Third Ventricle
- Separates left thalamus and right thalamus - Intermediate mass: - projection of gray matter - extends into the ventricle from each side
27
what structure of the hypothalamus?
Mamillary bodies: - process olfactory and other sensory information - control reflex eating movements
28
8 Functions of the Hypothalamus (1-4)
1. provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle 2. Controls autonomic function 3. Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems 4. Secretes hormones: --antidiuretic hormonene (ADH) --oxytocin (OT) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = causes the body/kidneys to decrease urine volume oxytocin(OT) - stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
29
8 Functions of the hypothalamus (5-8)
5. Produces emotions and behavioral drives: - the feeding center (hunger) - the thirst center (thirst) 6.(don't worry) coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions 7. Regulates body temperature: - preoptic area of hypothalamus 8. Controls circadian rhythms ( day-night cycles)
30
The Limbic System
Is a functional grouping that: - establishes emotional states - links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem - facilitates memory storage and retrieval
31
Components of the Limbic System (1/4)
Amygdaloid body: - interfaces limbic system, cerebrum, and sensory systems
32
Components of the Limbic System (2/4)
Limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere: - cingulate gyrus - dentate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus - hippocampus
33
The cerebrum
largest part of the brain Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions processes somatic sensory and motor information
34
3 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body 2. The 2 hemispheres have different functions although their structures are alike 3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
35
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex
- Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas
36
Motor Areas
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe: - directs voluntary movements Primary motor cortex - is the surface of precentral gyrus Pyramidal cells: - are neurons of primary motor cortex
37
Sensory Areas
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe: - receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain vibration, taste, and temperature) Primary sensory cortex: - surface of post central gyrus
38
Special Sensory Cortexes
Visual Cortex - information from sight receptors Auditors cortex - information from sound receptors Olfactory cortex - information from odor receptors Gustatory cortex: - information from taste receptors
39
Associate Areas
Sensory association areas: - monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex): - coordinates motor responses (learned movements)
40
Sensory Association Areas
SOmatic sensory association area: - interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g. recognizes and responds to touch) Visual association area: - interprets activity in visual cortex Auditory association area: - monitors auditory cortex
41
Integrative Centers
-Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres -receive information from association areas -direct complex motor or analytical activities
42
General Interpretive Area
also called Wernicke's area - receives information from all sensory association areas - coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories
43
two of integrative areas?
Speech center: - is associated with general interpretive area - coordinates all vocalization functions Prefrontal cortex of the front lobe: - integrates information from sensory association - performs abstract intellectual activites (predicting consequences of actions)
44
Hemispheric Lateralization
- Functional differences between left and right hemisphere - Each cerebral hemisphere - performs certain functions - not performed by the opposite hemisphere
45
The Left Hemisphere
In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls: - reading, writing, and math - decision-making - speech and language
46
The Right Hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere relates to: - recognition (faces, voice inflections) - spatial relations - analysis by touch

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