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Chapter 15 Neural Integration I Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors are?

A

Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment

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2
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

Deliver somatic and visceral sensory information to their final destinations inside the CNS using:
- nerves
- nuclei
- tracts

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3
Q

Somatic Motor Commands

A

Travel from motor centers in the brain along somatic motor pathways of:
- motor nuclei
- tracts
- nerves

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4
Q

General Senses?

A

temperature
pain
touch
pressure
vibration
proprioception

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5
Q

Special Senses?

A

Olfaction (smell)
Vision (sight)
Gustation(taste)
Equilibrium(balance)
Hearing

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6
Q

Pain Receptors

A

also called nociceptors (monitoring pain)
Common in the:
- superficial portions of the skin
- joint capsules
- within the periostea of bones
- around the walls of blood vessels
Free nerve endings with large receptive fields
(( Smaller the receptive field the more sensitive))
((Larger the receptive field the less sensitive))

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7
Q

Nociceptors

A

May be sensitive to:
- extremes of temperature
- mechanical damage
- dissolved chemicals, such as chemicals released by injured cells

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8
Q

Type A and Type C Fibers

A

Type A they move fasters (carries sharp burning type pain)
Type C Slow dull pain. not life threatening

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9
Q

Myelinated Type A Fibers

A

Carries fast pain, or prickled pain such as injection or deep cut
Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes
Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention

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10
Q

Type C

A

Carry sensations of slow pain and aching pain
caused a generalized activation

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature receptors
- are free nerve endings located in:
- the dermis
- skeletal muscles
- the liver
- the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Temperature sensations

A

Conducted along the same pathways that carry pain sensations

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensitive to stimuli that distort their cell membranes
Contain mechanically regulated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to:
- stretching
- compression
- twisting
- or other distortions of the membrane

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14
Q

what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?

A

Tactile receptors:
- provide sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration
Baroreceptors:
- detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Proprioceptors:
-monitor the positions of joints and muscles
- there most structurally and functionally complex of general sensory receptors

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15
Q

Fine touch

A

extremely sensitive
have a relatively narrow receptive field
Provide detailed information about a source of stimulation, including:
- its exact location
- shape
- texture
- movement

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16
Q

Crude touch

A
  • have relatively large receptive fields
  • provide poor localization
  • give little information about the stimulus
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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Located in the:
- Carotid bodies: near the origin of the internal carotid arteries on each side of the neck
- aortic bodies:
– between the major branches of the aortic arch
- receptors monitor Ph, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in arterial blood

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18
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

A

Carry sensory information from the skin, the musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs

19
Q

3 Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

A
  1. The posterior column pathway
  2. the anterolateral pathway
  3. the spinocerebellar pathway
20
Q

Posterior Column pathway

A

Carries sensations of highly localized (“fine”) touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.

21
Q

Ability to Determine stimulus

A

precisely where on the body a specific stimulus originated depends on the projection of information from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

22
Q

Sensory Information

A

From toes arrives at one end of the primary sensory cortex
From the head arrives at the other:
- when neurons in one position of your perjury sensory cortex are stimulated you become aware of sensations originating at a specific location

23
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Functional map of the primary sensory cortex

24
Q

The Anterolateral Pathway

A

Provides conscious sensations of pressure, pain, and temperature
Separated in the anterior spinothalamic tract and lateral spinothaalmic tract

25
Posterior Gray horns
In anterolateral pathway, axons of first order sensory neurons enter spinal cord and synapse on second-order neurons within posterior gray horns
26
Axons of Interneurons
Cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord before ascending
27
Sensations Bound for Cerebral Cortex
Ascend within the anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts - the anterior spinothalamic tracts carry pressure sensations - the lateral spinothalamic tracts carry pain and temperature sensations
28
Tracts End
- At third-order neurons in the ventral nucleus group of the thalamus - after the sensations have been sorted and processed, they are relayed to primary sensory cortex
29
Strong Visceral Pain
Sensations arriving at segment of spinal cord can stimulate interneurons that are part of anterolateral pathway - activity in interneurons leads to stimulation of primary sensory cortex, so an individual feels pain in specific part of body surface: - also called referred pain
30
Referred Pain
- The pain of a heart attack is frequently felt in the left arm - the pain of appendicitis is generally felt first in the area around the navel and then in the right lower quadrant
31
the spinocerebellar pathway
Cerebellum receives proprioceptive information about position of skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints
32
Motor Commands
- issued by the CNS - Distributed by somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) - SNS controls contractions of skeletal muscles - ANS controls visceral effectors, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
33
Somatic Motor Pathways
Always involve at least 2 motor neurons: - upper motor neuron (cell body lies in a CNS processing center) - lower motor neuron (cell body lies in a nucleus of the brain stem or spinal cord)
34
Upper Motor Neuron
- Synapses on the lower motor neuron - Innervates a single motor unit in a skeletal muscle: activity in upper motor neuron may facilitate or inhibit lower motor neuron
35
Lower Motor Neuron
Triggers a contraction in innervated muscle: - only axons of lower motor neuron extends outside CNS - destruction of or damage to lower motor neuron eliminates voluntary and reflex control over innervated motor unit
36
Corticospinal Pathway
- Sometimes called the pyramidal tract - Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles: - system begins at pyramidal cells of primary motor cortex - axons of these upper motor neurons descend into brain stem and spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons that control skeletal muscles
37
3 pairs of Descending Tracts
The corticospinal pathway contains 3 pairs of descending tracts: - corticobulbar tracts - lateral corticospinal tracts - anterior corticospinal tracts
38
Corticobulber tracts
- provides conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face, and some muscles of neck and pharynx - innervate motor centers of medial and lateral pathways
39
The Pyramids
As they descend, corticospinal tracts are visible along the ventral surface of medulla oblongata as pair of thick bands, the pyramids.
40
Motor Homunculus
-Primary motor cortex corresponds point by point with specific regions of the body - cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form
41
Proportions of Motor Homunculus
Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: -hands, face, and tongue, capable of varied and complex movements - appear very large, while trunk is relatively small - these proportions are similar to sensory homunculus
42
Somatic Motor Commands
Several centers in cerebrum, diencephalons, and brain stem may issue somatic motor commands as result of processing performed at subconscious level
43
Primary Fucntions
These nuclei and tract are grouped by their primary functions: - components of medial pathways help control gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles - components of lateral pathways help control distal limb muscles that perform more precise movements

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