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Chemistry 2 > Chapter 16 ketones and aldehydes > Flashcards

Chapter 16 ketones and aldehydes Flashcards

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1
Q

Oxidation of a primary alcohol results in an _____

A

aldehyde

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2
Q

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol results in a _____

A

ketone

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3
Q

Reduction of an aldehyde results in an ______

A

alcohol

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4
Q

Oxidation of an aldehyde results in _________

A

carboxylic acid

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5
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are ______ polar.

A

moderately

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6
Q

Aldehydes and ketones ____ hydrogen bond with each other.

A

cannot

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7
Q

Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling points than _____.

A

Alkanes

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8
Q

Common aldehydes and ketones normally take the form of _______.

A

liquid

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9
Q

Boiling points

_______> aldehydes/ketones>_____

A

alcohol> aldehydes/ketones/alkanes

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10
Q

Simple aldehydes and ketones are/arent water soluble?

A

They are water soluble

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11
Q

_______ are good solvents.

A

ketones

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12
Q

Many aldehydes and ketones have ______ odors.

A

distinct

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13
Q

Ketones/aldehydes with fewer than _ or _ carbon atoms are soluble in water.

A

5 or 6

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14
Q

Simple ketones are _____ solvents because they dissolve _____ and ______ compounds.

A

excellent, they dissolve polar and non polar compounds.

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15
Q

What compound is a good insect repellent, is used in perfumes and is found in lemon grass oils.

A

citronellal

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16
Q

What compound is the cinnamon flavor in foods, drugs, and is found in cinnamon bark?

A

Cinnamaldehyde

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17
Q

What compound is a moth repellent found in the camphor tree?

A

camphor

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18
Q

What compound has a musky odor in perfumes, and is found in the scent gland of the civet cat?

A

Civetone

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19
Q

CH2O or HCHO is the structure of what compound?

A

formaldehyde

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20
Q

What compound was the first synthetic plastic polymer of phenol and formaldehyde?

A

Bakelite

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21
Q

What formaldehyde polymers are now more widely used than bakelite?

A

urea

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22
Q

_____ polymers release _____ in the air, and is toxic.

A

CH2O

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23
Q

What compound is a sweet smelling narcotic?

A

Acetaldehyde

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24
Q

What compound is sweet smelling, flammable, found in fruits, and is produced in the break down of carbs in the body.

A

Acetaldehyde

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25
Q

Large doses of ______ can cause respiratory failure, chronic exposure can result in symptoms similar to alcoholism.

A

Acetaldehyde

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26
Q

What is produced in the liver during ketosis, and is also the most widely used solvent?

A

Acetone

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27
Q

In aldehyde oxidation, the hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl group is replaced by a _____ group.

A

OH-

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28
Q

Ketones do not react with ______ oxidizing agents.

A

mild

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29
Q

To distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, a ______________ agent can be used as a test.

A

Mild oxidizing agent

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30
Q

________ reagent consists of a solution containing silver in an aqueous ammonia

A

Tollens

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31
Q

Treatment of an ________ with Tollens reagent rapidly yields the carboxylic acid anion and metallic silver.

A

Aldehyde

32
Q

________ reagent contains blue copper(II) ion, which is reduced to give a precipitate of red copper (I) oxide in the reaction with an aldehyde.

A

Benedicts reagent

33
Q

______ reagent does not distinguish between ketones and aldehydes.

A

Benedicts

34
Q

What reagent was extensively used as a test for sugars in urine?

A

Benedicts reagent

35
Q

_______ are reduced to produce primary alcohols.

A

Aldehydes

36
Q

Ketones are reduced to _______.

A

Secondary alcohols

37
Q

In biological systems, the reducing agent for a carbonyl group is the coenzyme _________________.

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

38
Q

NAD can be a reducing agent, which is symbolized by _______

A

NADH

39
Q

NAD can also be an oxidizing agent which can be symbolized by ______.

A

NAD+

40
Q

How can NAD be an oxidizing agent and reducing agent?

A

By the loss and gain of a hydride ion

41
Q

Initial product of addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols are known as ______.

A

Hemiacetals

42
Q

________ have both an -OH group and an -OR group bonded to the same carbon atom.

A

Hemiacetals

43
Q

_______ forms hemiacetals with aldehyde and acetone.

A

ethanol

44
Q

How do hemiacetals revert back to aldehydes or ketones?

A

The loss of an alcohol and establishment of equilibrium

45
Q

When equilibrium is reached, how much hemiacetal is present?

A

Very little

46
Q

When an alcohol and carbonyl functional groups are part of the same molecule that is reacting, the result is a ______ hemiacetal

A

cyclic

47
Q

Which are more stable, cyclic hemiacetals or noncyclic?

A

Cyclic

48
Q

Most simple sugars exist mainly in the __________ form.

A

cyclic hemiacetal

49
Q

If a small amount of acid catalyst is added to the reaction of an alcohol or ketone, the hemiacetal initially formed is converted to an _____ in a ______ reaction.

A

Acetal in a substitution reaction

50
Q

A _______ is a compound that has 2-OR groups bonded to what used to be the carbonyl carbon atom.

A

Acetal

51
Q

Reversing the reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone forms an acetal, requires ______ and ______.

A

acid catalyst and a large quantity of water

52
Q

Regenerating the aldehyde/ketone from an acetal which is formed can be done through a process known as ______.

A

hydrolysis

53
Q

___________ is a reaction in which a bond or bonds are broken and the -H and -OH of water add to the atoms of the broken bond.

A

Hydrolysis

54
Q 
C
   \
   C=O
   /
H
A

Aldehyde

55
Q 
C
  \
   C=O
   /
C
A

Ketone

56
Q

Which has terminal carbons? aldehydes or ketones?

A

Aldehydes

57
Q

To know you are naming an aldehyde or ketone what can you look for ?

A

C=O

58
Q

Do aldehydes and ketones have hydrogen bonding?

A

No

59
Q

The bond between C=O is _____.

A

Polar

60
Q

Since the bond between C=O is polar, how will this affect both the solubility and boiling points?

A

The boiling points and solubility will be higher

61
Q

Aldehydes and ketones have no ______ bonding.

A

hydrogen bonding

62
Q

When a carbonyl group is oxidized it results in a ___________.

A

carboxylic acid

63
Q

When an alcohol is oxidized it becomes a ______ group.

A

carbonyl

64
Q

Addition of alcohols results in _______ and _____.

A

hemiacetals and acetals

65
Q

Hemiacetals and acetals are associated with _____.

A

carbohydrates.

66
Q

Any compound containing the group C=O is considered a _______ compound.

A

carbonyl

67
Q

What functional group has a C atom joined to an O atom by a double bond?

A

Carbonyl group.

68
Q

How many electrons are shared in a double bond?

A

four

69
Q

What degree is the angle between substituents in a carbonyl group carbon?

A

120

70
Q

what carbonyl compound does this represent
O
||
R-C-O-H

A

Carboxylic acid

71
Q

What compound has a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen?

A

Aldehyde

72
Q

What compound has a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons in organic groups that can be the same or different?

A

Ketone

73
Q

CH3CHO is representing a ______.

A

Acetaldehyde

74
Q

CH3COCH3 is representing an ______.

A

Acetone

75
Q

O
||
H - C - H

A

Formaldehyde

76
Q

O
||
H3C-C-H

A

Acetaldehyde

Chemistry 2 (4 decks)

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