Chapter 16: Intrapartum Complications Flashcards
- Which pelvic shape is most conducive to vaginal labor and birth?
a.
Android
b.
Gynecoid
c.
Platypelloid
d.
Anthropoid
ANS: B
The gynecoid pelvis is round and cylinder-shaped, with a wide pubic arch and is considered the most suitable for a vaginal birth. An android pelvis has been described as heart shaped, with more prominent ischial spines and a narrow pubic arch. A vaginal birth will be more difficult, with the need for harder pushing and often some form of instrumentation. The anthropoid pelvis is a long narrow oval, with a narrow pubic arch. It is more favorable than the android or platypelloid pelvic shape. The platypelloid pelvis is flat, wide, short, and oval and has a very poor prognosis for vaginal birth. Most women have characteristics from two or more types of pelvic shapes.
- Which action by the nurse prevents infection in the labor and birth area?
a.
Using clean techniques for all procedures
b.
Keeping underpads and linens as dry as possible
c.
Cleaning secretions from the vaginal area by using a back to front motion
d.
Performing vaginal examinations every hour while the patient is in active labor
ANS: B
Bacterial growth prefers a moist, warm environment. Use an aseptic technique if membranes are not ruptured; use a sterile technique if membranes are ruptured. Vaginal drainage should be removed with a front to back motion to decrease fecal contamination. Vaginal examinations should be limited to decrease transmission of vaginal organisms into the uterine cavity.
- A pregnant patient with premature rupture of membranes is at higher risk for postpartum infection. Which assessment data indicates a potential infection?
a.
Fetal heart rate, 150 beats/minute
b.
Maternal temperature, 37.2C (99F)
c.
Cloudy amniotic fluid, with strong odor
d.
Lowered maternal pulse and decreased respiratory rates
ANS: C
Amniotic fluid should be clear and have a mild odor, if any. Fetal tachycardia of greater than 160 beats/minute is often the first sign of intrauterine infection. A temperature of 38C (100.4F) or higher is a classic symptom of infection. Vital signs should be assessed hourly to identify tachycardia or tachypnea, which often accompany temperature elevation.
- A patient with polyhydramnios is admitted to a labor-birth-recovery-postpartum (LDRP) suite. Her membranes rupture and the fluid is clear and odorless; however, the fetal heart monitor indicates bradycardia and variable decelerations. Which action should be taken next?
a.
Perform Leopold maneuvers.
b.
Perform a vaginal examination.
c.
Apply warm saline soaks to the vagina.
d.
Place the patient in a high Fowler position.
ANS: B
A prolapsed cord may not be visible but may be palpated on vaginal examination. The priority is to relieve pressure on the umbilical cord. Leopold maneuvers are not an appropriate action at this time. Moist towels retard cooling and drying of the prolapsed cord, but it is hoped the fetus will be delivered before this occurs. The high Fowler position will increase cord compression and decrease fetal oxygenation.
- Which technique is least effective for the patient with persistent occiput posterior position?
a.
Squatting
b.
Lying supine and relaxing
c.
Sitting or kneeling, leaning forward with support
d.
Rocking the pelvis back and forth while on hands and knees
ANS: B
Lying supine increases the discomfort of back labor. Squatting aids rotation and fetal descent. A sitting or kneeling position may help the fetal head to rotate to occiput anterior. Rocking the pelvis encourages rotation from occiput posterior to occiput anterior.
- Birth for the nulliparous patient with a fetus in a breech presentation is usually
a.
cesarean birth.
b.
vaginal birth.
c.
vacuumed extraction.
d.
forceps-assisted birth.
ANS: A
Birth for the nulliparous patient with a fetus in breech presentation is almost always cesarean birth. The greatest fetal risk in the vaginal birth of breech presentation is that the head (largest part of the fetus) is the last to be delivered. The birth of the rest of the baby must be quick so the infant can breathe. Serious trauma to maternal or fetal tissues is likely if the vacuum extractor birth is difficult. Most breech births are difficult. The health care provider may assist rotation of the head with forceps. A cesarean birth may be required.
- Which patient situation presents the greatest risk for the occurrence of hypotonic dysfunction during labor?
a.
A primigravida who is 17 years old
b.
A 22-year-old multiparous patient with ruptured membranes
c.
A primigravida who has requested no analgesia during her labor
d.
A multiparous patient at 39 weeks of gestation who is expecting twins
ANS: D
Overdistention of the uterus in a multiple pregnancy is associated with hypotonic dysfunction because the stretched uterine muscle contracts poorly. A young primigravida usually will have good muscle tone in the uterus. This prevents hypotonic dysfunction. There is no indication that this patient’s uterus is overdistended, which is the main cause of hypotonic dysfunction. A primigravida usually will have good uterine muscle tone, and there is no indication of an overdistended uterus.
- Which factor is most likely to result in fetal hypoxia during a dysfunctional labor?
a.
Incomplete uterine relaxation
b.
Maternal fatigue and exhaustion
c.
Maternal sedation with narcotics
d.
Administration of tocolytic drugs
ANS: A
A high uterine resting tone, with inadequate relaxation between contractions, reduces maternal blood flow to the placenta and decreases the fetal oxygen supply. Maternal fatigue usually does not decrease uterine blood flow. Maternal sedation will sedate the fetus but should not decrease blood flow. Tocolytic drugs decrease contractions. This will increase uterine blood flow.
- After a birth complicated by a shoulder dystocia, the infant’s Apgar scores were 7 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. The infant is now crying vigorously. The nurse in the birthing room should
a.
palpate the infant’s clavicles.
b.
encourage the parents to hold the infant.
c.
perform a complete newborn assessment.
d.
give supplemental oxygen with a small face mask.
ANS: A
Because of the shoulder dystocia, the infant’s clavicles may have been fractured. Palpation is a simple assessment to identify crepitus or deformity that requires follow-up. The infant needs to be assessed for clavicle fractures before excessive movement. A complete newborn assessment is necessary for all newborns, but assessment of the clavicle is top priority for this infant. The Apgar indicates that no respiratory interventions are needed.
- A laboring patient in the latent phase is experiencing uncoordinated irregular contractions of low intensity. How should the nurse respond to complaints of constant cramping pain?
a.
“You are only 2 cm dilated, so you should rest and save your energy for when the contractions get stronger.”
b.
“Let me take off the monitor belts and help you get into a more comfortable position.”
c.
“You must breathe more slowly and deeply so there is greater oxygen supply for your uterus. That will decrease the pain.”
d.
“I have notified the doctor that you are having a lot of discomfort. Let me rub your back and see if that helps.”
ANS: D
Intervention is needed to manage the dysfunctional pattern. Offering support and comfort is important to help the patient cope with the situation, no matter at what stage. It is important to get her into a more comfortable position and fetal monitoring should continue. An alteration in breathing pattern will not decrease the pain in this situation.
- Which nursing action should be initiated first when there is evidence of prolapsed cord?
a.
Notify the health care provider.
b.
Apply a scalp electrode.
c.
Prepare the mother for an emergency cesarean birth.
d.
Reposition the mother with her hips higher than her head.
ANS: D
The priority is to relieve pressure on the cord. Changing the maternal position will shift the position of the fetus so that the cord is not compressed. Notifying the health care provider is a priority but not the first action. It would not be appropriate to apply a scalp electrode at this time. Preparing the mother for a cesarean birth would not be the first priority. The nurse may need to hold the presenting part away from the cord until delivery is complete.
- A patient who has had two previous cesarean births is in active labor when she suddenly complains of pain between her scapulae. Which should be the nurse’s priority action?
a.
Notify the health care provider promptly.
b.
Observe for abnormally high uterine resting tone.
c.
Decrease the rate of nonadditive intravenous fluid.
d.
Reposition the patient with her hips slightly elevated.
ANS: A
Pain between the scapulae may occur when the uterus ruptures because blood accumulates under the diaphragm. This is an emergency that requires medical intervention. Observing for high uterine resting tones should have been done before the sudden pain. High uterine resting tones put the patient at high risk for uterine rupture. The patient is now at high risk for shock. Nonadditive intravenous fluids should be increased. Repositioning the patient with her hips slightly elevated is the treatment for a prolapsed cord. That position in this scenario would cause respiratory difficulties.
- Which factor should alert the nurse to the potential for a prolapsed umbilical cord?
a.
Oligohydramnios
b.
Pregnancy at 38 weeks of gestation
c.
Presenting part at a station of –3
d.
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid
ANS: C
Because the fetal presenting part is positioned high in the pelvis and is not well applied to the cervix, a prolapsed cord could occur if the membranes rupture. Hydramnios puts the patient at high risk for a prolapsed umbilical cord. A very small fetus, normally preterm, puts the patient at risk for a prolapsed umbilical cord. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid shows that the fetus already has been compromised but does not increase the chance of a prolapsed cord.
- The fetus in a breech presentation is often born by cesarean birth because
a.the buttocks are much larger than the head.
b.
compression of the umbilical cord is more likely.
c.
internal rotation cannot occur if the fetus is breech.
d.
postpartum hemorrhage is more likely if the patient delivers vaginally.
ANS: B
After the fetal legs and trunk emerge from the patient’s vagina, the umbilical cord can be compressed between the maternal pelvis and the fetal head if a delay occurs in the birth of the head. The head is the largest part of a fetus. Internal rotation can occur with a breech. There is no relationship between breech presentation and postpartum hemorrhage.
- A patient who is 32 weeks pregnant telephones the nurse at her obstetrician’s office and complains of constant backache. She asks what pain reliever is safe for her to take. The best nursing response is
a.
“You should come into the office and let the doctor check you.”
b.
“Acetaminophen is acceptable during pregnancy. You should not take aspirin, however.”
c.
“Back pain is common at this time during pregnancy because you tend to stand with a sway back.”
d.
“Avoid medication because you are pregnant. Try soaking in a warm bath or using a heating pad on low before taking any medication.”
ANS: A
A prolonged backache is one of the subtle symptoms of preterm labor. Early intervention may prevent preterm birth. The patient needs to be assessed for preterm labor before providing pain relief.