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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter 16-hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 16-hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone (GH)?

A

Generalized

Moralizes fat to use for energy

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2
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroid gland

Release of thyroid hormones

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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Release of cortisol– glucocorticoid

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4
Q

Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Breasts

Lactation (milk production)

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5
Q

Gonadotrophins?

A

Are follicle stimulating hormone
And
Luteinizing hormone.

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6
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Ovaries and testes

Follicle maturation & egg production & Sperm production

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7
Q

Luteinizing Hornone (LH)?

A

Ovaries and testes

Ovulation–release if egg

&
Progesterone & Testosterone production

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A

Uterus and breasts

Uterine contraction

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9
Q 
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
(Vasopressin)
A

Kidneys

Water reabsorption

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10
Q

Follicle Cells

A

Generalized

Increases metabolic rate

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11
Q

Parafollicular Cells; Calcitonin

A

Ossetia tissue

Stimulates osteoblasts– lowers blood CA

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12
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) (PTH)

A

Ossetia tissue and kidneys

Stimulates osteoclasts activity

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13
Q

Aldosterone –zona glomerulosa

A

Kidneys

Increases sodium levels in blood

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14
Q

Cortisol –zona fasciculata

A

Generalized

Metabolizes fat for energy

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15
Q

Androgens–zona reticularis

A

Makes and females

Increase in sexual drive

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16
Q

Epinephrine

A

Cardiovascular system

Increased heart rate

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17
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Cardiovascular system

Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

Liver

Breakdown of glycogen
Increases blood sugar

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19
Q

Insulin

A

Most cells and liver

Stimulates cells to take up glucose

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20
Q

Estrogen

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

Progesterone

A

Enhances growth of breasts

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22
Q

Testosterone

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

Brain

Timing of biological clock

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24
Q

Thymopoietins
Thymic Factor
Thymosins

A

Development of T cells

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25
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Elevates progesterone levels
26
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone | ANH or ANP
Kidneys Lowers blood pressure
27
Metabolism:
Rate of chemical action within all cells
28
Endocrinology:
Study of hormones and endocrine organs
29
What does the endocrine system control? (5things)
- Reproduction - growth and development - maintenance of electrolyte, water , and nutrient balance of blood - regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance - mobilization of body defenses
30
Which 3 hormones bind inside cell?
- Progesterone - estrogen - testosterone WITH EXCEPTION OF Thyroid hormone
31
Exocrine glands:
- Non hormonal substances (sweat, saliva) | - HAVE DUCTS to carry secretion to membrane
32
Endocrine glands:
- Produce hormones - lack ducts -produce products in cell
33
What are the 5 endocrine glands?
- Pituitary - thyroid - parathyroid - adrenal - pineal glands
34
Which 3 organs have endocrine and exocrine glands?
- Pancreas - gonads - placenta
35
Hormones:
Long-distance chemical signals, travel in Blood or lymph
36
Autocrines:
Chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them
37
Paracrines:
Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
38
Autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers; not considered part of endocrine system. True or false?
True
39
What are the two main classes of hormones?
- Amino-acid based hormones | - steroids
40
Are amino acid-based hormones water or lipid soluble?
Water soluble
41
Steroids are lipid soluble. True or false?
True
42
Hormone action on target cells may be able to? (5 things)
- After plasma permeability and membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels - stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins - activate or deactivate enzymes - induce secretory activity - stimulate mitosis (GH can stimulate this)
43
What 3 things do water-soluble hormones do?
- Act on plasma membrane receptors - act via G protein second messengers - cannot enter cell
44
Lipid -soluble hormones :
- Act on intercellular receptors that directly activate genes - can enter cell
45
cAMP signaling mechanism:
1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor 2. Receptor activates G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclases 4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger) 5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins
46
cAMP is rapidly degraded by enzyme phosphodieterase. | True or false ?
True
47
ATP activates cAMP. TRUE OR FALSE?
True
48
PIP 2- Calcium signaling mechanism:
- Involves G protein and membrane- bound effector- phospholipase C - phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two second messengers -diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triesphosphate (IP3). - DAG activates protein kinase; IP 3 causes Ca2+ - calcium ions acts as bondmessengers.
49
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:
1. Diffuse into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors 2. Receptor- hormone complex enters nucleus; binds to specific region of DNA. 3. PROMPTS DNA transcription to produce mRNA 4. mRNA directs protein kinases 5. Promote metabolic activities, or promote synthesis of structural proteins or proteins for export from cell
50
Where are ACTH receptors found?
Fpund only on certain parts of the adrenal cortex
51
What 3 factors does Target cell activation depend on?
- Blood levels of hormone - relative number of receptors m on or in a target cell - affinity of bonding between the receptor and hormone.
52
Up-regulation:
Target cells from more receptors in response to low human hormone levels. ^ the number of receptors
53
Down regulation:
Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels. Down the # of receptors
54
Blood levels of hormones are:
- controlled by negative feedback systems | - vary only within narrow, desirable range
55
Humoral stimuli:
-blood/fluids
56
Neural stimuli:
(Nerves)
57
Hormonal stimuli:
Hormones cause one another to be released
58
Humoral stimuli does what?
-changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
59
Example of humoral stimuli?
Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
60
What is neural stimuli?
-sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholmines
61
What does hormonal stimuli do?
- hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones - Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones - anterior pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones - Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop: hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
62
Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins. TRUE OR FALSE
True
63
Concentration of circulating hormone reflects:
- rate of release | - speed of inactivation and removal from body
64
How are hormones removed from blood?
- degrading enzymes - kidneys - liver (half-life---time required for hormones blood levels to decrease by half)
65
Permissiveness:
One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
66
Synergism:
More than one hormone produces same effects on target cell--> amplification
67
Antagonism:
One or more hormones opposes action of anther hormone. (Fight for the same receptor)
68
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two major lobes:
Posterior pituitary And Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
69
What kind of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?
Neural tissue
70
What kind of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary) ?
Glandular tissue: cuboidal cells
71
What 4 things is the posterior pituitary responsible for?
- Down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue - Neural connection to hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypoposeal Tract) - Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone - Neurohormones are transported to and stored in posterior pituitary
72
Oxytocin is:
- strong stimulant of uterine contractions - released during childbirth - acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
73
Oxytocin has negative feed back. | TRUE OR FALSE
False. Oxytocin is the only hormone that has POSITIVE FEEDBACK.
74
ADH :
- inhibits or prevents urine formation. - regulates water balance - targets kidney tubules->reabsorption of more water - inhibited by alcohol, diuretics - high concentration ->vasoconstriction
75
Diabetes insipidus:
- ADH deficiency die to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage - must be kept well hydrated
76
The 6 anterior pituitary hormones are?
- Growth hormone - thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) - prolactin (PRL)
77
All anterior pituitary hormones are proteins? TRUE OR FALSE
True
78
All anterior pituitary hormones except GH activate cyclic AMP second-messenger systems at their targets. TRUE OR FALSE
True
79
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH are all tropic hormones (regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands) TRUE OR FALSE
True
80
Growth hormone chiefly regulated by hypothalamic hormones. True or false?
True
81
Ghrelin:
Hunger hormone
82
Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:
- in children :gigantism | - in adults :acromegaly
83
Hyposecretion of growth hormone:
-in children : pituitary dwarfism
84
Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by what?
Thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary
85
TSH:
- stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid. - release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
86
ACTH:
- secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary | - stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticoids
87
Regulation of ACTH release?
-triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm)
88
Gonadotropins are released by the anterior or posterior?
Anterior
89
Prolactin is:
- secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary | - stimulates milk production
90
Regulation of PRL:
-primarily controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hoe mom. (Dopamine )
91
Isthmus:
Two lateral lobes connected by median mass
92
Thyroglobulin:
Follicles that produce glycoproteins
93
Colloid is what two products together?
Thyroglobulin and iodine
94
Thyroid hormone affects virtually every cell in the body
Falseness

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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