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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Chapter 16-hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 16-hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone (GH)?

A

Generalized

Moralizes fat to use for energy

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2
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroid gland

Release of thyroid hormones

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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Release of cortisol– glucocorticoid

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4
Q

Prolactin (PRL)?

A

Breasts

Lactation (milk production)

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5
Q

Gonadotrophins?

A

Are follicle stimulating hormone
And
Luteinizing hormone.

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6
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Ovaries and testes

Follicle maturation & egg production & Sperm production

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7
Q

Luteinizing Hornone (LH)?

A

Ovaries and testes

Ovulation–release if egg

&
Progesterone & Testosterone production

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A

Uterus and breasts

Uterine contraction

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9
Q 
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)
(Vasopressin)
A

Kidneys

Water reabsorption

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10
Q

Follicle Cells

A

Generalized

Increases metabolic rate

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11
Q

Parafollicular Cells; Calcitonin

A

Ossetia tissue

Stimulates osteoblasts– lowers blood CA

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12
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) (PTH)

A

Ossetia tissue and kidneys

Stimulates osteoclasts activity

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13
Q

Aldosterone –zona glomerulosa

A

Kidneys

Increases sodium levels in blood

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14
Q

Cortisol –zona fasciculata

A

Generalized

Metabolizes fat for energy

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15
Q

Androgens–zona reticularis

A

Makes and females

Increase in sexual drive

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16
Q

Epinephrine

A

Cardiovascular system

Increased heart rate

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17
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Cardiovascular system

Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

Liver

Breakdown of glycogen
Increases blood sugar

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19
Q

Insulin

A

Most cells and liver

Stimulates cells to take up glucose

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20
Q

Estrogen

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

Progesterone

A

Enhances growth of breasts

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22
Q

Testosterone

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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23
Q

Melatonin

A

Brain

Timing of biological clock

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24
Q

Thymopoietins
Thymic Factor
Thymosins

A

Development of T cells

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25
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

Elevates progesterone levels

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26
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

ANH or ANP

A

Kidneys

Lowers blood pressure

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27
Q

Metabolism:

A

Rate of chemical action within all cells

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28
Q

Endocrinology:

A

Study of hormones and endocrine organs

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29
Q

What does the endocrine system control? (5things)

A
  • Reproduction
  • growth and development
  • maintenance of electrolyte, water , and nutrient balance of blood
  • regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  • mobilization of body defenses
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30
Q

Which 3 hormones bind inside cell?

A
  • Progesterone
  • estrogen
  • testosterone

WITH EXCEPTION OF
Thyroid hormone

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31
Q

Exocrine glands:

A
  • Non hormonal substances (sweat, saliva)

- HAVE DUCTS to carry secretion to membrane

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32
Q

Endocrine glands:

A
  • Produce hormones
  • lack ducts

-produce products in cell

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33
Q

What are the 5 endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pineal glands
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34
Q

Which 3 organs have endocrine and exocrine glands?

A
  • Pancreas
  • gonads
  • placenta
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35
Q

Hormones:

A

Long-distance chemical signals, travel in Blood or lymph

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36
Q

Autocrines:

A

Chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

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37
Q

Paracrines:

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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38
Q

Autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers; not considered part of endocrine system.

True or false?

A

True

39
Q

What are the two main classes of hormones?

A
  • Amino-acid based hormones

- steroids

40
Q

Are amino acid-based hormones water or lipid soluble?

A

Water soluble

41
Q

Steroids are lipid soluble.

True or false?

A

True

42
Q

Hormone action on target cells may be able to? (5 things)

A
  • After plasma permeability and membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
  • stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
  • activate or deactivate enzymes
  • induce secretory activity
  • stimulate mitosis (GH can stimulate this)
43
Q

What 3 things do water-soluble hormones do?

A
  • Act on plasma membrane receptors
  • act via G protein second messengers
  • cannot enter cell
44
Q

Lipid -soluble hormones :

A
  • Act on intercellular receptors that directly activate genes
  • can enter cell
45
Q

cAMP signaling mechanism:

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclases
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins
46
Q

cAMP is rapidly degraded by enzyme phosphodieterase.

True or false ?

A

True

47
Q

ATP activates cAMP.

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

True

48
Q

PIP 2- Calcium signaling mechanism:

A
  • Involves G protein and membrane- bound effector- phospholipase C
  • phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two second messengers -diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triesphosphate (IP3).
  • DAG activates protein kinase; IP 3 causes Ca2+
  • calcium ions acts as bondmessengers.
49
Q

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:

A
  1. Diffuse into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
  2. Receptor- hormone complex enters nucleus; binds to specific region of DNA.
  3. PROMPTS DNA transcription to produce mRNA
  4. mRNA directs protein kinases
  5. Promote metabolic activities, or promote synthesis of structural proteins or proteins for export from cell
50
Q

Where are ACTH receptors found?

A

Fpund only on certain parts of the adrenal cortex

51
Q

What 3 factors does Target cell activation depend on?

A
  • Blood levels of hormone
  • relative number of receptors m on or in a target cell
  • affinity of bonding between the receptor and hormone.
52
Q

Up-regulation:

A

Target cells from more receptors in response to low human hormone levels. ^ the number of receptors

53
Q

Down regulation:

A

Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels. Down the # of receptors

54
Q

Blood levels of hormones are:

A
  • controlled by negative feedback systems

- vary only within narrow, desirable range

55
Q

Humoral stimuli:

A

-blood/fluids

56
Q

Neural stimuli:

A

(Nerves)

57
Q

Hormonal stimuli:

A

Hormones cause one another to be released

58
Q

Humoral stimuli does what?

A

-changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

59
Q

Example of humoral stimuli?

A

Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)

60
Q

What is neural stimuli?

A

-sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholmines

61
Q

What does hormonal stimuli do?

A
  • hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
    • Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones
    • anterior pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop: hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
62
Q

Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

63
Q

Concentration of circulating hormone reflects:

A
  • rate of release

- speed of inactivation and removal from body

64
Q

How are hormones removed from blood?

A
  • degrading enzymes
  • kidneys
  • liver (half-life—time required for hormones blood levels to decrease by half)
65
Q

Permissiveness:

A

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

66
Q

Synergism:

A

More than one hormone produces same effects on target cell–> amplification

67
Q

Antagonism:

A

One or more hormones opposes action of anther hormone. (Fight for the same receptor)

68
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two major lobes:

A

Posterior pituitary
And
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

69
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural tissue

70
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary) ?

A

Glandular tissue: cuboidal cells

71
Q

What 4 things is the posterior pituitary responsible for?

A
  • Down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue
  • Neural connection to hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypoposeal Tract)
  • Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
  • Neurohormones are transported to and stored in posterior pituitary
72
Q

Oxytocin is:

A
  • strong stimulant of uterine contractions
  • released during childbirth
  • acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
73
Q

Oxytocin has negative feed back.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

False.

Oxytocin is the only hormone that has POSITIVE FEEDBACK.

74
Q

ADH :

A
  • inhibits or prevents urine formation.
  • regulates water balance
  • targets kidney tubules->reabsorption of more water
  • inhibited by alcohol, diuretics
  • high concentration ->vasoconstriction
75
Q

Diabetes insipidus:

A
  • ADH deficiency die to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
  • must be kept well hydrated
76
Q

The 6 anterior pituitary hormones are?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
77
Q

All anterior pituitary hormones are proteins?

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

78
Q

All anterior pituitary hormones except GH activate cyclic AMP second-messenger systems at their targets.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

79
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH are all tropic hormones (regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands)

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

80
Q

Growth hormone chiefly regulated by hypothalamic hormones.

True or false?

A

True

81
Q

Ghrelin:

A

Hunger hormone

82
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:

A
  • in children :gigantism

- in adults :acromegaly

83
Q

Hyposecretion of growth hormone:

A

-in children : pituitary dwarfism

84
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by what?

A

Thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary

85
Q

TSH:

A
  • stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid.
  • release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
86
Q

ACTH:

A
  • secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary

- stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticoids

87
Q

Regulation of ACTH release?

A

-triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm)

88
Q

Gonadotropins are released by the anterior or posterior?

A

Anterior

89
Q

Prolactin is:

A
  • secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary

- stimulates milk production

90
Q

Regulation of PRL:

A

-primarily controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hoe mom. (Dopamine )

91
Q

Isthmus:

A

Two lateral lobes connected by median mass

92
Q

Thyroglobulin:

A

Follicles that produce glycoproteins

93
Q

Colloid is what two products together?

A

Thyroglobulin and iodine

94
Q

Thyroid hormone affects virtually every cell in the body

A

Falseness

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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