Chapter 16-hormones Flashcards
Growth hormone (GH)?
Generalized
Moralizes fat to use for energy
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Thyroid gland
Release of thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)?
Adrenal Cortex
Release of cortisol– glucocorticoid
Prolactin (PRL)?
Breasts
Lactation (milk production)
Gonadotrophins?
Are follicle stimulating hormone
And
Luteinizing hormone.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Ovaries and testes
Follicle maturation & egg production & Sperm production
Luteinizing Hornone (LH)?
Ovaries and testes
Ovulation–release if egg
&
Progesterone & Testosterone production
Oxytocin
Uterus and breasts
Uterine contraction
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) (Vasopressin)
Kidneys
Water reabsorption
Follicle Cells
Generalized
Increases metabolic rate
Parafollicular Cells; Calcitonin
Ossetia tissue
Stimulates osteoblasts– lowers blood CA
Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) (PTH)
Ossetia tissue and kidneys
Stimulates osteoclasts activity
Aldosterone –zona glomerulosa
Kidneys
Increases sodium levels in blood
Cortisol –zona fasciculata
Generalized
Metabolizes fat for energy
Androgens–zona reticularis
Makes and females
Increase in sexual drive
Epinephrine
Cardiovascular system
Increased heart rate
Norepinephrine
Cardiovascular system
Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure
Glucagon
Liver
Breakdown of glycogen
Increases blood sugar
Insulin
Most cells and liver
Stimulates cells to take up glucose
Estrogen
Secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
Enhances growth of breasts
Testosterone
Secondary sex characteristics
Melatonin
Brain
Timing of biological clock
Thymopoietins
Thymic Factor
Thymosins
Development of T cells
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Elevates progesterone levels
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
ANH or ANP
Kidneys
Lowers blood pressure
Metabolism:
Rate of chemical action within all cells
Endocrinology:
Study of hormones and endocrine organs
What does the endocrine system control? (5things)
- Reproduction
- growth and development
- maintenance of electrolyte, water , and nutrient balance of blood
- regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
- mobilization of body defenses
Which 3 hormones bind inside cell?
- Progesterone
- estrogen
- testosterone
WITH EXCEPTION OF
Thyroid hormone
Exocrine glands:
- Non hormonal substances (sweat, saliva)
- HAVE DUCTS to carry secretion to membrane
Endocrine glands:
- Produce hormones
- lack ducts
-produce products in cell
What are the 5 endocrine glands?
- Pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal
- pineal glands
Which 3 organs have endocrine and exocrine glands?
- Pancreas
- gonads
- placenta
Hormones:
Long-distance chemical signals, travel in Blood or lymph
Autocrines:
Chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them
Paracrines:
Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers; not considered part of endocrine system.
True or false?
True
What are the two main classes of hormones?
- Amino-acid based hormones
- steroids
Are amino acid-based hormones water or lipid soluble?
Water soluble
Steroids are lipid soluble.
True or false?
True
Hormone action on target cells may be able to? (5 things)
- After plasma permeability and membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
- stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
- activate or deactivate enzymes
- induce secretory activity
- stimulate mitosis (GH can stimulate this)
What 3 things do water-soluble hormones do?
- Act on plasma membrane receptors
- act via G protein second messengers
- cannot enter cell
Lipid -soluble hormones :
- Act on intercellular receptors that directly activate genes
- can enter cell
cAMP signaling mechanism:
- Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor
- Receptor activates G protein
- G protein activates adenylate cyclases
- Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
- cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins
cAMP is rapidly degraded by enzyme phosphodieterase.
True or false ?
True
ATP activates cAMP.
TRUE OR FALSE?
True
PIP 2- Calcium signaling mechanism:
- Involves G protein and membrane- bound effector- phospholipase C
- phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two second messengers -diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triesphosphate (IP3).
- DAG activates protein kinase; IP 3 causes Ca2+
- calcium ions acts as bondmessengers.
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:
- Diffuse into target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
- Receptor- hormone complex enters nucleus; binds to specific region of DNA.
- PROMPTS DNA transcription to produce mRNA
- mRNA directs protein kinases
- Promote metabolic activities, or promote synthesis of structural proteins or proteins for export from cell
Where are ACTH receptors found?
Fpund only on certain parts of the adrenal cortex
What 3 factors does Target cell activation depend on?
- Blood levels of hormone
- relative number of receptors m on or in a target cell
- affinity of bonding between the receptor and hormone.
Up-regulation:
Target cells from more receptors in response to low human hormone levels. ^ the number of receptors
Down regulation:
Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels. Down the # of receptors
Blood levels of hormones are:
- controlled by negative feedback systems
- vary only within narrow, desirable range
Humoral stimuli:
-blood/fluids
Neural stimuli:
(Nerves)
Hormonal stimuli:
Hormones cause one another to be released
Humoral stimuli does what?
-changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
Example of humoral stimuli?
Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What is neural stimuli?
-sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholmines
What does hormonal stimuli do?
- hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
- Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones
- anterior pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop: hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins.
TRUE OR FALSE
True
Concentration of circulating hormone reflects:
- rate of release
- speed of inactivation and removal from body
How are hormones removed from blood?
- degrading enzymes
- kidneys
- liver (half-life—time required for hormones blood levels to decrease by half)
Permissiveness:
One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
Synergism:
More than one hormone produces same effects on target cell–> amplification
Antagonism:
One or more hormones opposes action of anther hormone. (Fight for the same receptor)
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two major lobes:
Posterior pituitary
And
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
What kind of tissue makes up the posterior pituitary?
Neural tissue
What kind of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis(anterior pituitary) ?
Glandular tissue: cuboidal cells
What 4 things is the posterior pituitary responsible for?
- Down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue
- Neural connection to hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypoposeal Tract)
- Nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
- Neurohormones are transported to and stored in posterior pituitary
Oxytocin is:
- strong stimulant of uterine contractions
- released during childbirth
- acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
Oxytocin has negative feed back.
TRUE OR FALSE
False.
Oxytocin is the only hormone that has POSITIVE FEEDBACK.
ADH :
- inhibits or prevents urine formation.
- regulates water balance
- targets kidney tubules->reabsorption of more water
- inhibited by alcohol, diuretics
- high concentration ->vasoconstriction
Diabetes insipidus:
- ADH deficiency die to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
- must be kept well hydrated
The 6 anterior pituitary hormones are?
- Growth hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin (PRL)
All anterior pituitary hormones are proteins?
TRUE OR FALSE
True
All anterior pituitary hormones except GH activate cyclic AMP second-messenger systems at their targets.
TRUE OR FALSE
True
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH are all tropic hormones (regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands)
TRUE OR FALSE
True
Growth hormone chiefly regulated by hypothalamic hormones.
True or false?
True
Ghrelin:
Hunger hormone
Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to:
- in children :gigantism
- in adults :acromegaly
Hyposecretion of growth hormone:
-in children : pituitary dwarfism
Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by what?
Thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary
TSH:
- stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid.
- release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
ACTH:
- secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticoids
Regulation of ACTH release?
-triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm)
Gonadotropins are released by the anterior or posterior?
Anterior
Prolactin is:
- secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
- stimulates milk production
Regulation of PRL:
-primarily controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hoe mom. (Dopamine )
Isthmus:
Two lateral lobes connected by median mass
Thyroglobulin:
Follicles that produce glycoproteins
Colloid is what two products together?
Thyroglobulin and iodine
Thyroid hormone affects virtually every cell in the body
Falseness
