Chapter 16 Endocrine System

Question 1

Amino acid based hormones

Answer 1

Most hormones
Water soluble
Cannot cross plasma membrane

Question 2

Steroid hormones

Answer 2

Only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids
Synthesized from cholesterol
Lipid soluble
Can cross plasma membrane

Question 3

How is hormone release regulated?

Answer 3

Negative feedback mechanisms

Question 4

endocrine gland stimuli types

Answer 4

Humoral stimuli - blood contents
Neural stimuli - response to stress
Hormonal stimuli - other hormones

Question 5

What is up-regulation?

Answer 5

Target cells forming additional receptors for a hormone

Question 6

What is down-regulation?

Answer 6

Target cells decreasing receptors for a hormone as a result of prolonged exposure

Question 7

Three types of hormone regulation

Answer 7

1. Permissiveness - hormone needs another hormone present to act fully
2. Synergism - two hormones with the same effect amplify actions
3. Antagonism - When one hormone opposes the actions of another

Question 8

Posterior Pituitary hormones

1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 8

1. Stimulates uterine contractions and ejection of breast milk
2. Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

Question 9

Anterior Pituitary hormones

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
2. Follicle-stimulating hormones
3. Luteinizing hormone

Answer 9

1. Adrenal cortex: promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
2. Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens, sperm production
3. Triggers ovulation, estrogen and progesterone production, testosterone production

Question 10

Thyroid gland 2 hormone types

Answer 10

1. Thyroid hormone - incr. body heat, regulates tissue growth and development, maintaining blood pressure
2. Calcitonin - no known physiological roles in humans, bone preserving.

Question 11

What does the thyroid gland control?

Answer 11

Metabolism

Question 12

What do the parathyroid glands regulate?

Answer 12

Blood calcium levels

Question 13

Adrenal glands produce hormones hormones involved in ______ ______ and the _____ _______.

Answer 13

Electrolyte balance, stress response

Question 14

Adrenal cortex hormones

1. Mineralocorticoids
2. Glutocorticoids
3. Gonadocorticoids

Answer 14

1. Regulate electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluid
2. Influence energy metabolism of most cells and help resist stressors
3. Contribute to axillary and pubic hair development

Question 15

Functions of melatonin

Answer 15

Influences sleep, body temp, appetite.

Question 16

Two main pancreatic hormones

1. Glucagon
2. Insulin

Answer 16

1. Breakdown of glycogen to glucose, synthesis of glucose, raising blood glucose levels.
2. Lower blood glucose, inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 17

Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone, which function to:

Answer 17

Maturation of reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle.

Question 18

The testes produce testosterone, which function do:

Answer 18

Mature male reproductive organs, secondary sec characteristics, libido.

Question 19

Adipose cells release…

Answer 19

Leptin, which controls appetite

Question 20

Enteroendocrine cells release hormones that…

Answer 20

assist with digestive functions

Question 21

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) functions

Answer 21

Decreases blood pressure, inhibit sodium ion reabsorption

Question 22

Erythropoietin (Kidney) function

Answer 22

Stimulates production of RBC in red bone marrow

Question 23

Osteocalcin functions

Answer 23

Increases insulin production and sensitivity

Question 24

Cholecalciferol (Skin) function

Answer 24

Stimulates active transport of calcium across cell membranes of small intestine

Question 25

Thymus hormones functions

Answer 25

Involved in T lymphocyte development, immune responses