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Biology Y11 > Chapter 16 - Chromosomes, genes, and proteins > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Chromosomes, genes, and proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

DNA stores genetic information and codes for proteins

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2
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosome is made of DNA which contains genetic information in the form of genes

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA that codes for a protein

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4
Q

What is an allele

A

An alternate form of a gene

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5
Q

Why do homologous chromosomes pair up?

A

Because they are a similar size

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6
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

The sequence of bases on the DNA is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells

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8
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth
Repairing damaged tissue
Replacing worn-out cells
Producing new organisms by asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Nuclear division giving rise to genetically different cells

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10
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

Production of gametes

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11
Q

How does meiosis produce variation?

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Random Fusion of gametes at fertilisation

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12
Q

What is meant by genotype?

A

The genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present

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13
Q

What is meant by phenotype?

A

The observable features of an organism

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14
Q

What is meant by homozygous?

A

Having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene

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15
Q

What is meant by dominant allele?

A

An allele that is expressed if it is present

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16
Q

What is meant by recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present

17
Q

What is Monohybrid Inheritance?

A

The inheritance of a single characteristic that is controlled by one gene

18
Q

What is Codominance?

A

When the alleles are both expressed in the phenotype when they are both present . The heterozygous offspring shows a third phenotype ( an intermediate ) that is different from the two homozygous phenotypes e.g. Red and White, heterozygous offspring are pink

19
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A test to identify the unknown genotype of an organism showing a dominant phenotype. One of the parents must be homozygous recessive

20
Q

Which chromosomes can be provided by the females and males respectively?

A

Females can provide the X chromosome only
Males can provide X or Y chromosome

The gender of the baby is determined by the father

21
Q

What is a sex-linked characteristic?

A

A characteristic controlled by a gene on a sex-chromosome, and occurs more commonly in one sex than the other.
More males are affected that females, and only females are carriers

22
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Genes that are found on the X chromosome, and only one allele will be present in males

23
Q

How does DNA control cell function?

A

DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins, such as enzymes, antibodies and receptors for neurotransmitters

24
Q

How does the sequence of bases in genes determine the final shape and function of the protein?

A

The sequence of bases in genes determines the sequence of amino acids. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the final shape and function of the protein

25
Q

What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA?

A

Messenger
mRNA is messengerRNA

26
Q

What is the function of ribosome in protein synthesis?

A

The ribosome assembles free amino acids into the growing protein molecules

27
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to form genetically identical cells

28
Q

When is haemoglobin produced in the life cycle of a red blood cell?

A

Haemoglobin is made before the mitochondria and nucleus are removed in the red blood cell

29
Q

What is variation?

A

The genetic difference between individuals of the same species

Biology Y11 (4 decks)

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