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Biology Y11 > Chapter 15 - Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cervix?

A

Ring of muscle that dilates to allow the baby to be born

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2
Q

What is the function of the Ovary?

A

Produces egg cells
Secretes female sex hormones ( Oestrogen and Progesterone )

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3
Q

What is the Oviduct?

A

Site of fertilisation

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4
Q

What is the Uterus?

A

Site of implantation

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5
Q

What is the Vagina?

A

Where sperm are deposited during intercourse

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6
Q

What are the 2 female sex hormones?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

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7
Q

What is ovulation?

A

14th day of menstrual cycle when the ovary releases an egg cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the Penis?

A

Delivers sperm into the vagina

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9
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Makes the fluid that sperm cells swim in

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10
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Holds the testes and keeps them cool

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11
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

Carries sperm away from the testes

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12
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A

Produces sperm and secretes male sex hormone ( testosterone )

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13
Q

What is the structure of a sperm cell from head to tail? Give a description of each part

A

Acrosome, enzymes in the acrosome break down the jelly coat of the egg
Haploid Nucleus
Middle Piece, contains mitochondria for respiration to provide energy for movement
Flagellum, used for movement

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14
Q

What is the structure of an egg cell? Give a description of each part

A

Jelly coat, becomes hard at fertilisation to prevent multiple fetilisations by other sperm entering the egg cell
Energy Stores, contain glycogen and lipids and are in the cytoplasm for early embryo development

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15
Q

Describe what happens at fertilisation

A

The sperm release enzymes made in the acrosome to digest the jelly coat so the sperm nucleus can enter the egg cell
The fertilisation membrane forms (or the egg membrane becomes impermeable) so no more sperm can enter
The sperm’s and the egg cell’s haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote (called fertilisation)
The jelly coat of the fertilised egg cell hardens to prevent multiple fertilisations

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16
Q

Describe what happens after fertilisation

A

The zygote divides by mitosis to form a ball of genetically identical cells called an embryo
The embryo travels to the uterus by peristalsis and ciliary action into the oviduct.
The ovary (or corpus luteum) continually releases progesterone to maintain the uterus lining thickness
The embryo implants into the uterus lining (this is known as implantation)
The development of the placenta also begins
After 3 months, the embryo will develop into a foetus, and the corpus luteum will also break down
The placenta will begin to release progesterone, due to the breakdown of the corpus luteum

17
Q

What are the functions of Oestrogen and Progesterone?

A

Oestrogen repairs the uterus lining
Progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterus lining

18
Q

What is the difference between an embryo and a foetus?

A

Embryo is a hollow ball of genetically identical cells
Foetus is an embryo which has developed and started to grow organs such as the eyes, heart and limbs

19
Q

What is the difference between growth and development?

A

Growth refers to the increase in the number of cells and dry biomass
Development refers to the increase in complexity of an organism

20
Q

Describe foetal development

A

Foetal development concentrates on increasing complexity (cells differentiate) in the early stages of pregnancy and increasing in size towards the end of pregnancy.

21
Q

Which 4 factors affect the rate of diffusion across the placenta?

A

Higher temperature
Steeper concentration gradient
Larger surface area
Shorter diffusion distance

22
Q

What is the function of the Amniotic sac?

A

Secretes and encloses the amniotic fluid

23
Q

What is the function of the Amniotic fluid?

A

Protects the foetus from physical shock
Maintains a constant temperature and pressure
Protects the foetus from dehydration
Allows the foetus to move
Lubricates the cervix and vagina during birth

24
Q

What is the function of the Umbilical cord?

A

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the foetus
The umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the foetus

25
Q

What is the function of the Placenta?

A

Exchange nutrients and wastes between maternal and foetal blood
Separate maternal and foetal blood systems
Secrete oestrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Serves as a barrier to toxins and pathogens (provides immune protection)
Attach foetus to the uterus

26
Q

What is the function of the uterus wall?

A

Contracts to push the baby through the birth canal

27
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Widens during labour to allow the head of the baby to pass

28
Q

What are the common secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females?

A

Hair growth in the armpits
Pubic hair growth

29
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics only in males?

A

Hair growth on face
Increase in muscles
Voice deepens
Broad shoulders
Testes grow

30
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics only in females?

A

Breasts grow
Hips widen
Fat deposition (around the uterus)
Menstruation

31
Q

What is the effect of FSH?

A

Stimulates follicle cells to grow an egg cell
Stimulates the release of oestrogen

32
Q

What is the effect of LH?

A

Stimulates ovulation
Causes the formation of the corpus luteum
Stimulates the release of progesterone

33
Q

What is the effect of Oestrogen?

A

Stimulates the repair of the uterus lining
Stimulates the release of LH
Inhibits the release of FSH

34
Q

What is the effect of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?

A

Maintains the thickness of the uterus lining
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH

35
Q

What is the effect of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Prevents menstruation
Promotes the development of blood vessels in the endometrium
Prevents muscle contraction of the uterus wall
Stimulates the mammary glands

36
Q

What is the effect of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Prevents menstruation
Promotes the development of blood vessels in the endometrium
Prevents muscle contraction of the uterus wall
Stimulates the mammary glands

37
Q

What is an STI?

A

An infection that is transferred via bodily fluids through sexual contact

38
Q

What are the methods of transmission of HIV?

A

From mother to baby at birth
In breast milk
Unprotected sexual intercourse (Unsafe sex)
Blood for transfusion (blood to blood contact)
By sharing needle when injecting (intravenous) drugs

39
Q

What are the ways in which the spread of HIV is controlled?

A

Promotion of use of condoms or femidoms
Providing education
Organising public campaigns
Providing needle exchange schemes for drug addicts
Using sterile needles (safe disposal or no reuse)
HIV+ mothers bottle feeding their baby
Screening blood donors
Limiting the number of sexual partners

Biology Y11 (4 decks)

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