Chapter 16 Flashcards
A male Rufus red knot
Moonbird
1995 the Rufus red knot was tagged with leg band in?
Argentina
By May of 2014 the Rufus red knot had traveled over how many miles?
400,000
The population of Rufus red knots has declined to how many by 2013?
30,000
Why has the Rufus red knot declined so much?
decreased horseshoe crabs
1973 law passed to protect and encourage population growth of threatened and endangered species
Endangered Species Act
Entire variety of living organisms
Biodiversity
the complete loss of a species
extinction
Current 10 million species are only 1% of species that have ever existed.
True
Whooping crane
Passenger pigeon
Black-footed ferret
Spotted skunk
Extinct or threatened species due to human activity
Are we now experiencing the beginning of Biodiversity’s sixth mass extinction?
Yes
Biodiversity of life has increased over 560 million years. Totaling how many mass extinctions?
5
the rate at which species are lost through the normal evolutionary process
Background extinction rate
1.species lack variability to adapt to environment
Extension occurs
2.new species arise due to evolution
Extinction occurs
Average lifespan of species is how many years?
1 million
0.0001% if the _________ extinction rate per year.
background
Calculated from known species disappearances
current extinction rate
The current extinction rate is challenging to calculate.
True
_________ are difficult to document.
extinctions
Standard for extinct status:
no individuals of a species are seen in the wild for 50 years
loss or degradation of habitat
Primary cause of extinction
Introduction of non-native species
Primary cause of extinction
Overexploitation of species
Primary cause of extinction
Pollution
Primary cause of extinction
The place where a particular species lives and obtains resources for survival
Habitat
Damage and destruction threaten species
true
_____ of endangered mammals.
83%
_______ of endangered birds.
89%
______ of endangered plants.
91%
natural landscapes decline and the number of species supported decreases
habitat destruction
most serious threat to species
habitat destruction
Caused by human use and development
habitat destruction
Habitat description caused by human use and development
1.
2.
3.
- agricultural
- industrial
- residential
Habitat destruction affects all _________.
ecosystems
measures the relationship between the size of natural areas and the number of species supported
Species area curve
Estimates rates of extinction in regions rapidly changing due to human activity
Species area curve
At present rate of global habitat destruction, ____% of all species could become extinct with _____ years.
25%
50 years
Used to predict extinction caused by habitat destruction
Species area curve
Large natural areas subdivided into smaller areas
Habitat fragmentation
More commonly caused by human activity than complete habitat loss.
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation is specially threatening to?
large predators
liner flow of energy within an ecosystem
food chain
- sun
- producers
- primary consumers
- secondary consumers
Food chain
photosynthetic organisms
producers
feed on producers
primary consumers
predators that feed on primary consumers
secondary consumers
each position on the food chain
trophic level
the flow of energy along a food chain = ________ pyramid
trophic
most biomass at the bottom level of the trophic pyramid.
True
Much energy lost as heat between levels of the trophic pyramid.
True
non-native organisms brought by human activity either accidentally or purposely to new environments
Introduced species
Compete with native species for resources
Introduced species
Non-native zebra mussels compete with ______ mussels.
Native
Japanese kudzu vines overgrow native trees and vines in southeast United States. This is an example of what type of species?
Introduced
Pairs or groups of species adapt to each other via natural selection is an example of what type of evolution?
coevolution
Native species have not co-evolved with introduced species.
True
when the rate of human use of a species outpaces its reproduction
overexploitation
- exotic pets
2. Medicinal value
Overexploitation
Gray wold killed by ranchers
Overexploitation
the release of potions, excess nutrients, and other waste products into the environment
Pollution
the excess growth of bacteria that depletes oxygen from the water
Eutrophication
caused by excess fertilizer runoff
Eutrophication
Results in large fish kills
eutrophication
the release of potions, excess nutrients, and other waste products into the environment
pollution
most abundant atmospheric pollutant, associated with climate change
carbon dioxide
