Chapter 16 Flashcards
flapper
a rebellious young woman in the 20s in the US and Europe
post WWI problems
- unemployment for returning veterans
- rebuilding cities and industries
- economic troubles
- growing fear of communism
- lack of strong leaders (radicals become popular)
- loosing faith in democracy
Treaty of Versailles and its effect after WWI
- colonies are upset that they’re not independent
- humiliated Germany (loss of territory, demilitarized)
- Italy not given land
Prohibition
a ban of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the US from 1920 to 1933, it didn’t work
speakeasies
illegal bars
Locarno Treaties
settled Germany’s borders with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. France and Germany banned war forever
Kellog-Briand Pact
- nations agreed to outlaw war
- disarmament
- League of Nations had no real power
disarmament
reduction of armed forces and weapons
Britain after WWI
- Conservative party dominated
- Irish Free State established in 1922
- sought to soften the treatment of Germany
- worked with other nations toward peace
- struggle with unemployment and labor unrest
- owed debt to the US
- out dated factories
- shipping industry destroyed by U-boats
- Great Depression made economic problems worse
general strike
1926, workers in all industries went to strike, shut down industry of Great Britain
France after WWI
- ruled by a series of coalition govs
- France and Germany disagreed over Versailles treaty, caused tensions
- built Maginot Line
- worked with other nations for peace
- recovered quicker than Britain
- helped by reparations and territory from Germany
- owed debt to the US
- Depression was not as bad
- keep Germany weak
Maginot Line
massive fortifications built by the French along the French border with Germany in the 1930s to protect against future invasions
Ireland after WWI
1922- gained independence
United States after WWI
- “The Roaring Twenties” was a prosperous time for the booming economy
- isolation: stay out of foreign problems, did not join League of Nations
- Red Scare: fear of communism, immigration limits, and expelled radicals
Great Depression
a painful time of global economic collapse, starting in 1929 and lasting until about 1939
before the Great Depression
- economics recovered from war
- jobs for veterans
- industries grew
- money for consumer products
- U.S. was the leading economic power
- U.S. backed European countries
- roaring 20’s
1 economic problem
overproduction, The Fed raised interest rate due to the fear of investing
effects of the Great Depression
- unemployment
- suffering hardships
- food shortages
- reduced world trade
- inflation
- loss faith in capitalism and democracy
- worsened worldwide depression
The Great Depression effects worldwide
- US stopped giving loans to other countries
- US demanded payment loans but it didn’t work
- US raised tariffs
- taxed on imported goods
The New Deal
put in place by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt and it was a program to help economy recover, gave government more power
causes of the Great Depression
- stock market crashed
- overproduction
- financial crisis
- gang violence
- lower earnings
- dust bowl
- strikes
- the Feds policies
- uneven distribution of wealth
overproduction
condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them
finance
the management of money matters including the circulation of money, loans, investments, and banking
dissatisfaction and unrest throughout Italy
- Italians dissatisfied with territories at end of WWI
- chaos and disorder across country
- government cannot solve crisis
Benito Mussolini
the son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher; had been a socialist in his youth but he rejected that idea for the idea of extreme nationalism during the war
Mussolini takes power
- organizes fascist party
- pledges to return Italy to greatness and roman times
- black shirts smash opposition
- king gives him control after march on Rome
Black Shirts
party militants
March on Rome
tens of thousands of Fascist swarmed towards the capital. Mussolini obtained a constitutional appointment to lead Italy
Mussolini changes Italy
- becomes dictator
- brings economy under state control
- glorifies the state at the expense of the individual
totalitarian state
a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens
Federal Reserve
central banking system of the US, which regulates banks
what problems did Italy face after WWI?
- they did not receive all the land they were promised
- peasants seized land
- workers went on strike or seized factories
- returning veterans faced unemployment
- trade declined
- taxes rose
how did these problems help Mussolini win power?
he promised to end corruption and replace turmoil with order. he spoke of reviving the roman greatness
Values of Fascism
- antidemocratic
- no unifying set of beliefs
- generally glorifies extreme nationalism, discipline, military, and loyalty to the state
Characteristics of Fascism
- centralized, authoritarian, noncommunist
- pursued aggressive foreign expansion
differences between Fascism and Communism
- f works for nationalists rather than international goals
- f supports a society with defined classes
similarities of Fascism and Communism
- used terror to support regimes
- inspire blind devotion to the state
- totalitarian government to control the nation
Fascism
centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights
struggles of the Weimar Republic (1919)
- weak government
- inflation
- Dawes Plan
- economy improves (1920s)
- blamed for signing treaty of Versailles
- French occupation of Ruhr leads to economic crisis
- tumultuous times stimulate new central movement
- Berlin attracts writers and artists from around the world
Dawes Plan
US loaned money to make reparation payments, reparation lessened
background of Hitler
Austrian who moved to Germany
Private in WWI
Applied to art school but was declined and got drafted into the military
Nazi Party
Nationalist, socialist German workers party
Rise of Nazi Party
- hitler wrote Mein Kampf
- his ideas are rooted in anti-semitism and beliefs about master Aryan race
- as unemployment grew, nazi party grew
- promised to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany
- elected chancellor in 1933
Chancellor
the highest official of a monarch, prime minister
Mein Kampf
the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology written by Adolf Hitler
Lebensraum
living space for Germans (eastward expansion)
Under Nazi control
- set up totalitarian state
- ideas spread to youth
- Hitler’s policies bring Germany out of the depression
- masses cheer Hitler’s accomplishments
- Nuremberg Laws launch persecution of Jews
- Nazis try to weaken the arts and replace religion
Nuremberg Laws
Laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them
Third Reich
official name that the Nazi Party have to its regime in Germany, which held power from 1933 to 1945
Hitler’s Third Reich includes…
- one party dictatorship
- total obedience to “the Fuhrer”
- totalitarian state
- SS troops (brown shirts) enforced Fuhrer’s will
- gestapo
leader of SS
Heinrich Himmler
gestapo
secret police
Hitler’s economic policies
- public work programs
- rearmed Germany
- created jobs
- big business and labor controlled by gov.
- standard of living rose
Hitler’s social policies
- Hitler’s Youth: indoctrinated young people to destroy enemies
- women’s profession was motherhood
Purging and Purifying
- burned books
- rewrote textbooks to reflect racist values
- replaced religion with his racist creed
- remove all “racially inferior” people
- drive out all Jews from Germany = Final Soultion (aka Holocaust)
Final Solution
- systematic extermination of Jewish “problem” in Europe
- Nuremberg laws stripped them of their
Kristallnacht
November 9th 1938, “Night of Broken Glass”, Nazi mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia; sent to ghettos to cattle cars to concentration camps
concentration camp
detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state, some were labor camps and others were death camps
Germany becomes 2nd Fascist state
- restored national pride
- hitler ready to expand Germany
- enter WWII
Sonderkommando
work units made up of German Nazi death camp prisoners, usually Jews, who were forced, on threat of their own deaths, to aid with the disposal of gas chamber victims and other dead bodies
How did Hitler and the Nazi Party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in Germany
through laws, fear, terror, propaganda, censorship, and indoctrination of youth
