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History 9 > Chapter 7 The Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Industrial Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Industrial revolution

A
  • started in Britain
  • started with textile factories
  • complex machines
  • new power replaced human and animal
  • spread quickly
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2
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Improved methods of farming

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3
Q

Charles Townshend

A

crop rotation (turnips)

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4
Q

Jethro Tull

A

seed drill

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5
Q

Enclosure

A

taking over and fencing off peasant land= larger and more efficient

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6
Q

Enclosure results

A
  • profits higher

- urbanization

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7
Q

Urbanization

A

jobless peasants move to cities to become machine operators

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8
Q

Industrial revolution changes

A
  • factory work different
  • rural life disappearing
  • new inventions = lower death rate
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9
Q

Population explosion

A

120 million to 190 million in 30 years

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10
Q

why the population exploded

A
  • death rates went down
  • birth rates rose
  • agricultural revolution decreased famine
  • better hygiene and medical care = fewer deaths from disease
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11
Q

__________ moved machines in factories until the ____________

A

water wheel; steam engine

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12
Q

James Watt

A

steam engine

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13
Q

using natural resources =

A

pollution

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14
Q

6 reasons the industrial revolution began in Britain (factors that lead the way)

A
  • Human Resources
  • natural resources
  • new technology
  • stable government and good social conditions
  • stable economy
  • better transportation
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15
Q

Most vital resources to the industrial revolution

A

Coal and iron

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16
Q

Capital

A

Money used to invest in enterprises

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17
Q

Enterprise

A

A business organization in an are such as shipping, mining, railroads, and factories

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18
Q

Entrepreneurs

A

those who managed and assumes the financial risks of starting a new business

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19
Q

How did population explosion contribute to demand for consumer goods?

A

the more people, the more demand for goods

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20
Q

How did general economic prosperity contribute to the demand for consumer goods?

A

People make more money, people buy more

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21
Q

Putting out system

A

cottage industry; raw cotton is distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread, then wove thread into cloth in their own homes

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22
Q

John Kay

A

flying shuttle

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23
Q

James Hargreaves

A

spinning Jenny

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24
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

water frame

25
Q

Eli Whitney

A

inventor of the cotton gin

26
Q

what is a factory and what is the effect?

A

places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods

27
Q

Turnpikes

A

private roads built by entrepreneurs with a toll fee

28
Q

Robert Fulton

A

steam boat

29
Q

2 reasons the railroad was important to the industrial revolution

A

1) ship goods cheaply over land

2) allowed tracks to go places rivers didn’t

30
Q

George Stephenson

A

Steam locomotive (preferred use of transportation)

31
Q

First major railroad in England

A

Liverpool to Manchester

32
Q

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

A

Charles Dickens

33
Q

Tenement

A

Multistory buildings divided in apartments

34
Q

Labor unions

A

Workers’ organizations

35
Q

Describe early industrial cities

A

Extremely dirty, no sanitation, garbage in streets

Lead to cholera and diseases

36
Q

What is different from farm work and factory work?

A
  • 12-16 hour work days
  • monotonous
  • rigid schedule
  • unsafe (accidents/injuries were common)
  • breathing dirty air
37
Q

why prefer women workers

A
  • pay them less

- easier to manage

38
Q

Why did factories use child labor?

A
  • could fit in narrow mine shafts
  • quick little fingers for textiles

they were known as “slaves to the machine”
beaten if idle and they were uneducated

39
Q

Who is Patience Kershaw

A

a little girl who told her story. she shocked Britain and helped cause the “Factory Acts” which helped reform employment of children in mines and factories

40
Q

Luddites

A
  • textile workers who hated technology & machines
  • smashed machines
  • burnt factories
  • they were hung or sent to Australia
41
Q

John Wesley

A

founded Methodism

42
Q

Methodism

A
  • give hope and confidence to working class
  • Sunday school gave education for children
  • encouraged adopting sober, moral ways
43
Q

Who benefited from the industrial revolution?

A

Entrepreneurs

44
Q

What were the reforms made?

A
  • labor unions legalized
  • working class men gained the right to vote
  • education
45
Q

Benefits of the industrial revolution

A
  • created jobs
  • wealthy middle class
  • wages rose
  • labor unions won right to bargain
  • reformers improved working conditions
46
Q

Challenges of industrial revolution

A
  • crowded cities
  • pollution
  • struggle for survival in slums
  • harsh working conditions in factories and mines
  • child labor
47
Q

Adam Smith

A
  • capitalism

- free market to regular businesses

48
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • overpopulation
  • food supply would run out
  • war, disease, and famine are good
49
Q

David Ricardo

A
  • wage increases are unnecessary
  • higher wages lead to more kids which then leads to lower wages again
  • poverty in a never ending cycle
50
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • actions should be judged by one’s utility

- only some government involvement

51
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

-full government involvement

52
Q

Robert Owen

A

-created a perfect utopia with a classless society but failed

53
Q

Karl Marx

A

-father of communism

54
Q

Utilitarianism

A

The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”

55
Q

Socialism

A

the people as a whole rather than individuals

56
Q

communism

A

Theory-

Reality-

57
Q

Proletariat

A

Karl Marx’s word for working class

58
Q

Social democracy

A

Political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism

History 9 (5 decks)

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