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Year 12 Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Example of human intervention through artificial selection

A

hairless cats

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2
Q

Selective breeding

A

process of mating that is not random, but uses parents chosen by a breeder on the basis of particular phenotypic characteristics that they display to pass on traits to next generation.

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3
Q

Artificial selection

A

action taken by breeders and others in selecting from a population only those members that show specific expression of a particular trait to be the parents of the next generation for its economic/aesthetic value

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4
Q

Technology in selective breeding (AMOS

A

artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, oestrous synchronisation, sex selection through sperm sorting,

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5
Q

MOET acronym

A

multiple ovulation and embryo transfer

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6
Q

MOET

A

process of stimulating multiple egg release in one female and later transferring her early embryos to other females of the same species where they develop.

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7
Q

Multiple ovulation

A

stimulating females through hormone treatment to release increased number of eggs.

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8
Q

Embryo transfer

A

remove embryo and transfer into reproductive tract of other female

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9
Q

Oestrous synchronisation

A

process of making all mature females of (of herd/flock) sexually receptive within a predictable and narrow time frame.

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10
Q

Advantages of oestrous synchronisation

A

less time, higher fertilisation/birth rate, more uniform manageable offspring, lower mortality periods

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11
Q

Sex selection

A

process of producing offspring through artificially separating sperm into those with X chromosomes and those with Y chromosomes to determine sex of the child.

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12
Q

Process of artificial pollination

A

remove unripe stamen, protect stigma of other plant, collect pollen from stamen, transfer pollen into stigma

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13
Q

Genetic variation

A

variation exhibited among members of a population owing to the action of genes

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14
Q

Artificial selection results in…

A

loss of genetic variation, animals unable to fight particular diseases, failure of population to survive environmental conditions

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15
Q

Cloning

A

process of making identical copies of a gene, a cell or an organism

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16
Q

Cloning techniques

A

embryo splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer

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17
Q

Embryo splitting

A

separate totipotent cells of early embryo so that resultant cells are each able to form a complete embryo

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18
Q

Process of embryo splitting

A

remove embryo, transfer nucleus of somatic cell to enucleated cell, fuse somatic cell with enucleated cell

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19
Q

Enucleated cell

A

a cell from which the nucleus has been removed.

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20
Q

Cloning in mammals process

A

obtain nucleus from adult, remove nucleus from unfertilised egg, transfer nucleus into egg cell, implant into surrogate mother

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21
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

cloning carried out to create an embryo from which stem cells can be harvested

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22
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

cloning carried out for the purpose of producing an organism.

23
Q

Transgenic organisms

A

organisms carrying genes of other species

24
Q

Genetically modified organisms

A

genes modified artificially

25
Q

Genetic engineering

A

manipulating genetic material

26
Q

Gene therapy

A

process by which the function of a faulty allele in an organism is replaced by addition of a normally functioning allele of the gene concerned.

27
Q

In vivo gene therapy

A

given directly to patient

28
Q

Ex vivo

A

developed outside, put in patient

29
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated or precursor cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different specialised cells.

30
Q

Three types of stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multi-potent

31
Q

Totipotent

A

cell that can differentiate into all different cell types

32
Q

Pluripotent

A

cell that can differentiate into many different different cell types

33
Q

Multi-potent

A

cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

34
Q

The two types of stem cells

A

embryonic, adult

35
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

obtained from embryonic tissue, can differentiate into many types

36
Q

Adult stem cells

A

obtained from adult, multi-potent

37
Q

Intervention in human breeding (7)

A

contraception, donor insemintation, IVF, donation of eggs, surrogacy, gamete intrafallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection

38
Q

IVF

A

technique where eggs are collected from an ovary and fertilised/incubated outside of body then later transferred to uterus

39
Q

Gamete intrafallopian sperm injection

A

gametes of parents combined, implanted

40
Q

Intracytoplasmic injection

A

sperm + IVF

41
Q

Cloned gene

A

gene that has been constructed to produce a desired effect when activated.

42
Q

Retrovirus

A

virus whose genetic material is RNA: the RNA is changed into a molecule of DNA that is inserted into a host’s DNA when the retrovirus enters the host cell

43
Q

Genetic screening

A

testing people to detect those with the allele responsible for a particular genetic disorder.

44
Q

Contraception

A

Any technique that prevents production of a zygote or its implantation into the uterus wall

45
Q

If DNA is incorporated into prokaryotes, it is termed

A

transformed

46
Q

If DNA is incorporated into eukaryotes, it is termed

A

transfected

47
Q

Techniques for gene transfer

A

micro-injection of DNA, transfer using a virus, use of electrical pulse (electroporation), ballistics (like a gene gun)

48
Q

Retroviruses and Adenoviruses are used as

A

vectors to carry cloned genes

49
Q

Retroviruses can be used in cells that are

A

reproducing, DNA integrates

50
Q

Adenoviruses…

A

carry DNA into cells and the viral DNA and closed gene remain separate from the host DNA, and if successful then the cell will reproduce

51
Q

Steps to counteract ethical issues in use of embryo stem cells (Act)

A

special licence, no excess embryos can be used if it will damage or destroy embryo, can’t be created solely for research purposes

52
Q

Reasons for using patient’s stem cells

A

avoid ethical issues, recognises stem cells as self

53
Q

What does Booroola gene do

A

controls ovulation in sheep

54
Q

Booroola geneotypes

A

B^BB+ and B^BB^B (increased the most)

Year 12 Biology (9 decks)

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