Chapter 16 Flashcards
Example of human intervention through artificial selection
hairless cats
Selective breeding
process of mating that is not random, but uses parents chosen by a breeder on the basis of particular phenotypic characteristics that they display to pass on traits to next generation.
Artificial selection
action taken by breeders and others in selecting from a population only those members that show specific expression of a particular trait to be the parents of the next generation for its economic/aesthetic value
Technology in selective breeding (AMOS
artificial insemination, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, oestrous synchronisation, sex selection through sperm sorting,
MOET acronym
multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
MOET
process of stimulating multiple egg release in one female and later transferring her early embryos to other females of the same species where they develop.
Multiple ovulation
stimulating females through hormone treatment to release increased number of eggs.
Embryo transfer
remove embryo and transfer into reproductive tract of other female
Oestrous synchronisation
process of making all mature females of (of herd/flock) sexually receptive within a predictable and narrow time frame.
Advantages of oestrous synchronisation
less time, higher fertilisation/birth rate, more uniform manageable offspring, lower mortality periods
Sex selection
process of producing offspring through artificially separating sperm into those with X chromosomes and those with Y chromosomes to determine sex of the child.
Process of artificial pollination
remove unripe stamen, protect stigma of other plant, collect pollen from stamen, transfer pollen into stigma
Genetic variation
variation exhibited among members of a population owing to the action of genes
Artificial selection results in…
loss of genetic variation, animals unable to fight particular diseases, failure of population to survive environmental conditions
Cloning
process of making identical copies of a gene, a cell or an organism
Cloning techniques
embryo splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer
Embryo splitting
separate totipotent cells of early embryo so that resultant cells are each able to form a complete embryo
Process of embryo splitting
remove embryo, transfer nucleus of somatic cell to enucleated cell, fuse somatic cell with enucleated cell
Enucleated cell
a cell from which the nucleus has been removed.
Cloning in mammals process
obtain nucleus from adult, remove nucleus from unfertilised egg, transfer nucleus into egg cell, implant into surrogate mother
Therapeutic cloning
cloning carried out to create an embryo from which stem cells can be harvested
Reproductive cloning
cloning carried out for the purpose of producing an organism.
Transgenic organisms
organisms carrying genes of other species
Genetically modified organisms
genes modified artificially
Genetic engineering
manipulating genetic material
Gene therapy
process by which the function of a faulty allele in an organism is replaced by addition of a normally functioning allele of the gene concerned.
In vivo gene therapy
given directly to patient
Ex vivo
developed outside, put in patient
Stem cells
undifferentiated or precursor cells that have the ability to differentiate into many different specialised cells.
Three types of stem cells
totipotent, pluripotent, multi-potent
Totipotent
cell that can differentiate into all different cell types
Pluripotent
cell that can differentiate into many different different cell types
Multi-potent
cell that can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types
The two types of stem cells
embryonic, adult
Embryonic stem cells
obtained from embryonic tissue, can differentiate into many types
Adult stem cells
obtained from adult, multi-potent
Intervention in human breeding (7)
contraception, donor insemintation, IVF, donation of eggs, surrogacy, gamete intrafallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection
IVF
technique where eggs are collected from an ovary and fertilised/incubated outside of body then later transferred to uterus
Gamete intrafallopian sperm injection
gametes of parents combined, implanted
Intracytoplasmic injection
sperm + IVF
Cloned gene
gene that has been constructed to produce a desired effect when activated.
Retrovirus
virus whose genetic material is RNA: the RNA is changed into a molecule of DNA that is inserted into a host’s DNA when the retrovirus enters the host cell
Genetic screening
testing people to detect those with the allele responsible for a particular genetic disorder.
Contraception
Any technique that prevents production of a zygote or its implantation into the uterus wall
If DNA is incorporated into prokaryotes, it is termed
transformed
If DNA is incorporated into eukaryotes, it is termed
transfected
Techniques for gene transfer
micro-injection of DNA, transfer using a virus, use of electrical pulse (electroporation), ballistics (like a gene gun)
Retroviruses and Adenoviruses are used as
vectors to carry cloned genes
Retroviruses can be used in cells that are
reproducing, DNA integrates
Adenoviruses…
carry DNA into cells and the viral DNA and closed gene remain separate from the host DNA, and if successful then the cell will reproduce
Steps to counteract ethical issues in use of embryo stem cells (Act)
special licence, no excess embryos can be used if it will damage or destroy embryo, can’t be created solely for research purposes
Reasons for using patient’s stem cells
avoid ethical issues, recognises stem cells as self
What does Booroola gene do
controls ovulation in sheep
Booroola geneotypes
B^BB+ and B^BB^B (increased the most)
