Chapter 16

Question 1

personality disorder

Answer 1

an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that repeatedly impairs an individual’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy and/or capacity for intimacy; difficult to treat; appear in adolescence/early adulthood (9-13% of adults); 10 disorders

Question 2

comorbidity

Answer 2

comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional disorders (or diseases) co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder

Question 3

clusters

Answer 3

1) odd/eccentric - paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal; 2) dramatic - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic; 3) anxiety - avoid ant, dependent, OCD; VERY overlapping - this method assumes presence/absence, displayed/not, and a person with a personality disorder is not markedly troubled by other traits

Question 4

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 4

marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness in others - not usually quite delusional; critical of others and easily hurt; + men, .5-3% of people; therapy has limited effect

Question 5

Odd personality disorders

Answer 5

linked to Schizophrenia, often people with these qualify for an additional diagnosis of schizophrenia or have relatives with it

Question 6

schizoid personality disorder

Answer 6

characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion; not trust issue s- genuinely prefer to be alone; express few feelings; social withdrawal means that people rarely enter therapy unless for alcohol abuse or other related disease; CBT some success

Question 7

schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 7

extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking/perceiving, and behavioural eccentricities; feel intensely lonely; may include ideas of reference (unrelated events pertain to them in some way) and bodily illusions (i.e. sensing an external force/pressure); unfocussed; 2-4% people; comorbidity w schizophrenia and depression

Question 8

Dramatic personality disorders

Answer 8

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic; dramatic, emotional, erratic; most commonly diagnosed; treatments are ineffective-moderately effective

Question 9

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 9

marked by general pattern of disregard for and violation of others’ rights; most commonly linked to adult criminal behaviour aside from substance abuse; must be 18 to diagnose; lying, manipulative; comorbidity - substance abuse; less anxiety than other people

Question 10

BPD

Answer 10

repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behaviour; 75% attempt suicide; interferes with job performance ++; low serotonin, + activity in amygdala and prefrontal cortex; DBT useful as treatment

Question 11

histrionic personality disorder

Answer 11

also, hysterical personality disorder; characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention/approval seeking; theatrical; 2-3 % adults; more likely to seek treatment themselves than other PDs

Question 12

narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 12

marked by broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy; + common in men

Question 13

anxious personality disorders

Answer 13

avoidant, dependent, OCD; anxious/fearful, though not linked to anxiety or depressive disorders

Question 14

avoidant personality disorder

Answer 14

characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation; comorbid with social anxiety; feel inferior

Question 15

dependent personality disorder

Answer 15

characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

Question 16

OCPD

Answer 16

marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the individual loses flexibility, openness and efficiency; men twice as likely; OCPD more likely to suffer from depression or substance use than OCD (no specific link between them); respond well to psychodynamic/ cog therapy, maybe SSRIs

Question 17

BPD

Answer 17

repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behaviour; 75% attempt suicide; interferes with job performance ++; low serotonin, + activity in amygdala and prefrontal cortex; DBT useful as treatment; 75% women (PTSD theory)

Question 18

Big 5

Answer 18

theory of personality and personality disorders; neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, conscientiousness; super traits - basic structure of personality

Question 19

personality disorder trais specified (PDTS)

Answer 19

personality disorder currently undergoing study for possible inclusion in a future revision of DSM-5; diagnosis given if they display significant impairment in their functioning as a result of one or more very problematic traits; would ID traits and rate severity of impairment they caused incl negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism on a scale of 0-3

Question 20

negative affectivity

Answer 20

emotional lability (unstable), anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration, submissiveneess, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, strong emotional reactions

Question 21

detachment

Answer 21

restricted emotional reactivity, depressivity, anhedonia, withdrawal, intimacy avoidance

Question 22

antagonism

Answer 22

manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attn seeking, calousness, hostility

Question 23

disinhibition

Answer 23

irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, imperfection, disorganization

Question 24

psychoticism

Answer 24

unusual beliefs, eccentricity, cog/perceptual dysregulation