Chapter 14 Flashcards
shizophrenia
- 1 month period, 2+ symptoms for singificant portion of time, and one of a, b or c - a) delusions, b) hallucinations, c) disorganized speech, d) grossly abnormal psychomotor behaviour, e) negative symptoms; 2. functioning/interpersonal relations/self care is markedly below level acheived prior to onset; 3. continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, at least one month of which includes symptoms in full and active form; diagnosed late teens, early adulthood. 3 phases.
psychosis
a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways
downward drift theory
when schizophrenic people fall from higher to lower socioeconomic level
Positive symptoms
pathological excesses; bizarre additions ie delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, heightened perceptions
Negative symptoms
“pathological deficits”; characteristics lacking in an individual (i.e. poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal)
psychomotor symptoms
ex. awkward movements, grimaces, strange gestures; seem ritualistic/magical
formal thought disorder
a disturbance in the production and organization of thought; positive symptom - loose associations, neologisms (made up words that have meaning only to them), perseveration, clang (rhyme)
loose associations
a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another; also known as derailment
delusions of reference
attachment of special meaning to actions of others or various objects/events
inappropriate affect
emotions unsuited to the situation
alogia
poverty of speech; decrease in speech/speech content
avolition
symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and inability to start/complete a course of action
catatonia
pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity and posturing
phases of schizophrenia
prodromal - symptoms not yet obvious but deterioration begins; active phase - symptoms become apparent (can be a result of a trigger); residual - return to a prodromal like state (though some negative symptoms remain)
treatment of schizophrenia
most effective when premorbid function is high, trigger was stress, when disease is treated early, and when it develops in middle age
type 1
positive symptoms, chemical problems
type 2
negative symptoms, structural problems
biological view of schizophrenia
diathesis stress - genetic component inherited; identical twin 48% chance if other twin has it
brief psychotic disorder
psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia; >1 month
schizophreniform disorder
psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia, restricted/inappropriate affect; 1-6 months
Shizoaffective disorder
marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive episode or manic episode; 6 mos +
delusional disorder
persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizophrenia; persecutory, jealous, grandiose, somatic delusions common; 1 mo +
psychotic disorder due to another medical condition
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech due to medical illness/brain damage; no min length
substance induced psychotic disorder
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech caused directly by a substance i.e. drugs; no min length
dopamine hypothesis
certain neurons that use dopamine (esp in striatum region of the brain) fire too often and transmit too many messages producing schizophrenic symptoms.
antipsychotic drugs
medication thats treat symptoms of schizophrenia, incl phenothiazines (produced symptoms similar to parkinsons as a side effect); too many msgs from dopamine sending neurons to receptors, esp D-2 (may have too many or abnormal operation);
atypical antipsychotic drugs
often more effective; bind to D-2, D-1, and serotonin receptors
abnormal brain structure - Schizophrenia
esp negative symptoms associated, enlarged ventricles; patients tend to experience poorer social adjustment prior to disorder, greater cog disturbances, and poorer response to conventional antipsychotics; may indicate nearby parts of the brain are underdeveloped
Viral problems
hypothesis that brain abnormalities may be a result of exposure to viruses before birth; supported by + diagnoses of people with winter births, fingerprints - form in 2nd trimester when fetus is esp vulnerable, antibodies in blood suggesting exposure
psychodynamic explanation - schizophrenia
FREUD - develops from 2 psychological processes - 1) regression to pre ego 2) efforts to reestablish ego control i.e. cold, unnurturing parents trigger primary narcissism; schizophrenogenic mothers; self theorists - biological abnormalities explain failure of schizophrenic people to develop an integrated self
schizophrenogenic mothers
cold, domineering, uninterested once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child
Behavioural view - schizophrenia
operant conditioning - some people are not reinforced for their attention to social cues and start attending to irrelevant cues
Cognitive view - schizophrenia
during hallucinations and related perceptual difficulties brains are actually producing strange and unreal sensations triggered by biological factors and features emerge as the person attempts to understand these experiences “rational path to madness”
sociocultural views - schizophrenia
african americans + likely to be diagnosed than white americans; lower economic status = + diagnosis;
double-bind hypothesis
theory that some parents repeatedly communicate pairs of messages that are mutually contradictory, helping to produce schizophrenia in their children
expressed emotion
general level of criticism, disapproval, hostility expressed in a family; 4x + relapses in families with high EE
