Chapter 14

Question 1

shizophrenia

Answer 1

1. 1 month period, 2+ symptoms for singificant portion of time, and one of a, b or c - a) delusions, b) hallucinations, c) disorganized speech, d) grossly abnormal psychomotor behaviour, e) negative symptoms; 2. functioning/interpersonal relations/self care is markedly below level acheived prior to onset; 3. continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months, at least one month of which includes symptoms in full and active form; diagnosed late teens, early adulthood. 3 phases.

Question 2

psychosis

Answer 2

a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways

Question 3

downward drift theory

Answer 3

when schizophrenic people fall from higher to lower socioeconomic level

Question 4

Positive symptoms

Answer 4

pathological excesses; bizarre additions ie delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, heightened perceptions

Question 5

Negative symptoms

Answer 5

“pathological deficits”; characteristics lacking in an individual (i.e. poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal)

Question 6

psychomotor symptoms

Answer 6

ex. awkward movements, grimaces, strange gestures; seem ritualistic/magical

Question 7

formal thought disorder

Answer 7

a disturbance in the production and organization of thought; positive symptom - loose associations, neologisms (made up words that have meaning only to them), perseveration, clang (rhyme)

Question 8

loose associations

Answer 8

a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another; also known as derailment

Question 9

delusions of reference

Answer 9

attachment of special meaning to actions of others or various objects/events

Question 10

inappropriate affect

Answer 10

emotions unsuited to the situation

Question 11

alogia

Answer 11

poverty of speech; decrease in speech/speech content

Question 12

avolition

Answer 12

symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and inability to start/complete a course of action

Question 13

catatonia

Answer 13

pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity and posturing

Question 14

phases of schizophrenia

Answer 14

prodromal - symptoms not yet obvious but deterioration begins; active phase - symptoms become apparent (can be a result of a trigger); residual - return to a prodromal like state (though some negative symptoms remain)

Question 15

treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 15

most effective when premorbid function is high, trigger was stress, when disease is treated early, and when it develops in middle age

Question 16

type 1

Answer 16

positive symptoms, chemical problems

Question 17

type 2

Answer 17

negative symptoms, structural problems

Question 18

biological view of schizophrenia

Answer 18

diathesis stress - genetic component inherited; identical twin 48% chance if other twin has it

Question 19

brief psychotic disorder

Answer 19

psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia; >1 month

Question 20

schizophreniform disorder

Answer 20

psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia, restricted/inappropriate affect; 1-6 months

Question 21

Shizoaffective disorder

Answer 21

marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive episode or manic episode; 6 mos +

Question 22

delusional disorder

Answer 22

persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizophrenia; persecutory, jealous, grandiose, somatic delusions common; 1 mo +

Question 23

psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

Answer 23

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech due to medical illness/brain damage; no min length

Question 24

substance induced psychotic disorder

Answer 24

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech caused directly by a substance i.e. drugs; no min length

Question 25

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 25

certain neurons that use dopamine (esp in striatum region of the brain) fire too often and transmit too many messages producing schizophrenic symptoms.

Question 26

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 26

medication thats treat symptoms of schizophrenia, incl phenothiazines (produced symptoms similar to parkinsons as a side effect); too many msgs from dopamine sending neurons to receptors, esp D-2 (may have too many or abnormal operation);

Question 27

atypical antipsychotic drugs

Answer 27

often more effective; bind to D-2, D-1, and serotonin receptors

Question 28

abnormal brain structure - Schizophrenia

Answer 28

esp negative symptoms associated, enlarged ventricles; patients tend to experience poorer social adjustment prior to disorder, greater cog disturbances, and poorer response to conventional antipsychotics; may indicate nearby parts of the brain are underdeveloped

Question 29

Viral problems

Answer 29

hypothesis that brain abnormalities may be a result of exposure to viruses before birth; supported by + diagnoses of people with winter births, fingerprints - form in 2nd trimester when fetus is esp vulnerable, antibodies in blood suggesting exposure

Question 30

psychodynamic explanation - schizophrenia

Answer 30

FREUD - develops from 2 psychological processes - 1) regression to pre ego 2) efforts to reestablish ego control i.e. cold, unnurturing parents trigger primary narcissism; schizophrenogenic mothers; self theorists - biological abnormalities explain failure of schizophrenic people to develop an integrated self

Question 31

schizophrenogenic mothers

Answer 31

cold, domineering, uninterested once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child

Question 32

Behavioural view - schizophrenia

Answer 32

operant conditioning - some people are not reinforced for their attention to social cues and start attending to irrelevant cues

Question 33

Cognitive view - schizophrenia

Answer 33

during hallucinations and related perceptual difficulties brains are actually producing strange and unreal sensations triggered by biological factors and features emerge as the person attempts to understand these experiences "rational path to madness"

Question 34

sociocultural views - schizophrenia

Answer 34

african americans + likely to be diagnosed than white americans; lower economic status = + diagnosis;

Question 35

double-bind hypothesis

Answer 35

theory that some parents repeatedly communicate pairs of messages that are mutually contradictory, helping to produce schizophrenia in their children

Question 36

expressed emotion

Answer 36

general level of criticism, disapproval, hostility expressed in a family; 4x + relapses in families with high EE