Chapter 16 Flashcards
what is the central dogma of biology
DNA makes RNA makes protein
who discovered what genes do
George and Edward Tatum
what is the process by which Rna makes protein
Translation in the cytosol (ribosome)
what is the process by which DNA makes RNA
transcription, in the Nucleous
what is the one gene one enzyme hypothesis
Each gene contains the infromation to make an enzyme
what did SRB Horowitz tested
tested hypothesis by studying a 2 step metabolic pathway that process arginine
cell that die was mising the enzyme
Gene expression
the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to create a functional product, often a protein.
how many aminoacids dows rna code for
codes for 20 amino acids
when does dna synthesis occur
during s phase
what does a mRNA do
carry infromation from the dna to site of protein synthesis
what dees RNA plymerase do
Synthesise RNA. uses dna strand as a template, copies the code by matching complementary nucloeitides
what does RNA need in order to code for all the different 20 aminoacids
it needs a triplate code. 4x4x4 = 64
what is the sequence of coding for a protein
DNA=mRNA>mRNA (Ribosome)=Protein
do all cells have the same dna ?
yes but they choose to make different things
What are genes
Stretches of DNA that code for proteins
what would be the genotype in this scenario of the chapter
DNA
what would be the phenotyoe in this scenario of the chapter
Protein
Alleles of the same gene differ in their DNA …
Sequence. alleles are also made of DNA
Proteins produce by different alleles of the same gene frequently differe in their amino acid sequence.
true
what is a reverse transcription
soemtiem RNA go back to DNA.
RNA > DNA
what is a genetic code
how a sequence of nucleotides code for a sequense of aminoacids.
basically RNA code for protein
3 bases that specifies a particular amino acid called a codon.
what is the start codon
AUG, signal where protein synthesis start
redundant genetic code
two amino acids are encoded by more than one codon.
many ways to get the same thing.
unambiguous genetic code
One code never codes for more than one amino acid.
only codes for one thing
non overlaping genetic code
each nucleotide base in a DNA or RNA sequence is only read once in forming a codon
universal genetic code
same for everyone
conservative genetic code
the 1st 2 bases are usually the same . last position do not matter
what happens if we know the genetic code
we can predict the codons and amino acid sequence
what is a mutation
a change in dna sequence.
what is a pint point mutation
likely a misspelling of “point mutation.” A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in a DNA or RNA sequence, which can lead to various effects depending on the location and type of change. These changes can include substitutions, insertions, or deletions of single base pair
chromosome level mutations
mutation of entire arm of chromosome
what carries dna
the nucleous of a cell and chromosomes
missense Point mutation
change amino acid in the protein.
1 mistake
silent Point mutation
you dont see it.
also do not change the amino aciddue to redundant in code
frame shift Point mutation
altering the meaning of all codons. all changes the protein
nonsense mutation
convert codon into stop codon
what does mutations affect
fitness of organism
beneficial mutation
increase fitness or ability to survive situation and reproduce
neutral mutation
do not affect organism fitness
deleterious
decrease fitness
What is inversion mutation
segment of chromosome breaks off, flips around and joints.
a type of genetic mutation where a segment of a chromosome breaks off, flips around, and reattaches in the reverse orientation. This can occur anywhere on a chromosome, and while it’s a structural change, it doesn’t necessarily lead to health problems if it’s balanced
translocation chromosome mutation
chromosome break off and attach to other chromosomes
occurs when a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, or even to a different part of the same chromosome.
Deletion chromosome mutation
cut off a piece of chromosome
duplicationchromosome mutation
now 2 copies
where can you see chromosome mutation
on a kariotype
