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Cell & Molecular Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of eliminating unwanted cells during embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and tissue turnover

A

programmed cell death

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2
Q

Programmed cell death is the process of eliminating unwanted cells during what 3 events?

A

embryogenesis, metamorphosis, and tissue turnover

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3
Q

Paw that has an interdigital web

A

embryonic mouse paw

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4
Q

Paw that has no interdigital web removed

A

mature mouse paw

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5
Q

Cell death

A

apoptosis

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6
Q

What are the cell structure changes that accompany apoptosis?

A

a. compaction, blebbing of the plasma membrane
b. fragmentation of the nucleus and cell
c. condensing of the chromatin

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7
Q

What happens to DNA during apoptosis?

A

fragmented into a ladder

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8
Q

Apoptosis does not have what response?

A

no inflammatory response

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9
Q

Apoptosis can be triggered by (6)

A

a. DNA damage
b. heat or cold shock
c. targeting by cytotoxic lymphocytes
d. various drugs
e. withdrawal of essential growth factors
f. other stressed

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10
Q

Apoptosis is important for removing what?

A

tumorigenic cells

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11
Q

What tumor suppressor can trigger apoptosis?

A

p53

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12
Q

Cells that die via ____ swell, burst open, invoke an inflammatory response, and do not display chromatin condensation?

A

necrosis

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13
Q

Necrosis is cell death after

A

injury

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14
Q

apoptosis is what cell death

A

programmed cell death

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15
Q

3 steps of necrosis

A
  1. cell swells
  2. cell bursts
  3. inflammatory response
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16
Q

3 steps of apoptosis

A
  1. nucleus fragments
  2. cell fragments
  3. engulfment of fragments: no inflammatory response
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17
Q

Caspases

A

cysteine aspartate-specific protease

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18
Q

Caspases are available initially as

A

symogens

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19
Q

How are zygomens activate?

A

must be proteolytically cleaved

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20
Q

What are the 3 main types of caspases?

A

a. executioner
b. initiator
c. inflammatory

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21
Q

2 executioner caspases

A

caspase-3 and caspase-7

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22
Q

What are responsible for cleaving many proteins to effect apoptosis?

A

executioner caspases

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23
Q

Executioner caspases are responsible for cleaving many proteins at where?

A

recognition sites of 4 aa residues with couple of AA residues

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24
Q

3 example substrates for executioner caspases

A

a. CAD
b. ROCK-1
c. Gelsolin

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25
Q

CAD

A

caspase-dependent DNase

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26
Q

What is CAD responsible for what during apoptosis?

A

DNA fragmentation

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27
Q

CAD exists as a complex with what?

A

an inhibitor iCAD

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28
Q

iCAD is cleaved by

A

an executioner caspase

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29
Q

When iCAD is cleaved by an executioner caspase, CAD is active and digests ____ resulting in?

A

DNA between the nucleosomes; ladder of DNA fragments

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30
Q

What is a myosin-light chain kinase?

A

ROCK-1

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31
Q

How is ROCK-1 activated?

A

by cleaving with an executioner caspase

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32
Q

How is Gelsolin activated?

A

cleaved and activated by an executioner caspase

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33
Q

Why is gelsolin named gelsolin?

A

because it helps regulate actin by turning the gel of cross-linked actin into a sol

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34
Q

Role of gelsolin

A

role in the formation of these podosomes

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35
Q

What 2 affect changes in the cytoskeleton, initiating the blebbing associated with apoptosis?

A

ROCK-1 and gelsolin

36
Q

Zymogen forms of executioner caspases are known as?

A

procaspases

37
Q

How are procaspases activated?

A

by clasave at an Asp

38
Q

Activation of procaspases brings _____ region into proximity with the _____ region

A

substrate-binding; catalytic cys-his-dimer

39
Q

What is one protease that can catalytically activate executioner caspase?

A

Granzyme B

40
Q

Granazyme B is in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes, both __ and ____.

A

cytotxic T cell (Tc); natural killer (NK) cells

41
Q

When is granzyme B released from the granules?

A

when the cytotoxic cell targets another cell, enters the target cell, and activates executioner caspases to cause apoptosis

42
Q

What cleaves and activates caspase-6?

A

caspases-3 and -7

43
Q

What cleaves and activates the executioner caspases?

A

initiator caspases

44
Q

What known initiator caspases in mammals preexist as inactive monomers?

A

initiator caspases-2, -8, -9, and -10

45
Q

Mechanism of activation of initiator caspases is known as

A

induced proximity

46
Q

What is the mechanism for induced proximity?

A

initiator caspases are activated upon dimerization and activated dimer cleaves and activates executioner procaspases

47
Q

Initiator caspases contain large prodomains with protein-protein interaction motifs known as?

A

death folds

48
Q

Death folds interact with ____ to ____ them or their partner in a dimer) in what manner?

A

adaptor proteins; activate; like-like manner

49
Q

What are 4 examples of death folds?

A

a. DEDs
b. CARDs
c. DD
d. PYR

50
Q

DEDs

A

death effector domains

51
Q

CARDs

A

caspase recruitment domains

52
Q

DD

A

death domains

53
Q

PYR

A

pyrin domains

54
Q

IAPs

A

inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

55
Q

XIAP

A

X-linked IAP

56
Q

XIAP inhibits what?

A

initiator caspase-9
executioner caspases -3 and -7

57
Q

2 IAP domains

A

BIR
RING finger domain

58
Q

BIR

A

Baculovirus IAP repeats

59
Q

If an IAP has RING finger domain, it functions as what?

A

Ub-3-ligase

60
Q

What is the first caspase identified?

61
Q

Caspase-1 is required for what?

A

processing/secretion of cytokine IL-1beta (interleukin-1beta)

62
Q

Caspase-1 is also known as?

A

ICE (IL-1beta converting enzyme)

63
Q

ICE

A

interleukin-1beta converting enzyme

64
Q

Caspase-1 requires ___ to activate it

A

caspase-5 + 1 adaptors

65
Q

What are the 2 apoptotic pathways?

A

a. death receptor pathway
b. mitochondrial pathway

66
Q

Which pathway is extrinsic?

A

death receptor pathway

67
Q

Which pathways is intrinsic?

A

mitochondrial pathway

68
Q

Both death receptor and mitochondrial pathway converge to activate what 2?

A

a. initiator caspases
b. executioner caspases

69
Q

Initiator caspases activate via?

A

induced proximity

70
Q

There is ____ between death receptor and mitochondrial pathway

A

cross-talk

71
Q

TNFR

A

tumor necrosis factor receptor

72
Q

TNFR includes

A

death receptors (DR) which are trimeric

73
Q

What are 3 examples of death receptors?

A

a. TNFR 1
b. Fas
c. TRAIL receptor

74
Q

Death receptors share what?

A

death domain (DD)

75
Q

4 Examples of death folds

A

a. DD
b. CARD
c. DED
d. PYR

76
Q

Death domain in a death receptor interacts with ____

A

death domains in adaptor molecules

77
Q

DR trimers are cross-linked by?

A

ligand binding

78
Q

Death domains of Fas and TRAIL receptors bind to ____ via ____.

A

adaptor protein FADD (Fas-associated DD); DDs

79
Q

FADD

A

Fas-associated DD

80
Q

FADD has

81
Q

DEDs of FADD bind to DEDs in what?

A

prodomain of caspase-8 monomers

82
Q

Proaspase-8 monomers form what?

83
Q

What causes activation of initiator caspases?

A

induced proximity

84
Q

DISC

A

death-inducing signaling complex

85
Q

DISC is made of

A

DR, FADD, and caspase-8 complex

86
Q

DISC activates what 3 that leads to apoptosis?

A

executioner caspases-3, -6, and -7

Cell & Molecular Biology (9 decks)

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