Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell & Molecular Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell size of the mycoplasma?

A

0.2 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cell size of a yeast cell?

A

6 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cell size of a fibroblast?

A

20 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cell size of a nerve cell?

A

20 micrometer - 10 centimeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the cell size of a plant cell?

A

50 micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are all cells bounded by?

A

Lipid Bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

a. segregates the interior of the cell from the external environment
b. has a system that controls import into and export out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does it mean to be amphipathic?

A

It has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of amphipathic?

A

The phospholipid with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the genome do?

A

Codes for all cellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does information transfer do?

A

Express information stored in genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does energy utilization do?

A

Harness energy to build more complex components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the big leap of ‘scientific faith’?

A

To believe that all the molecules necessary for cellular function arose spontaneously (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the larger leap of ‘scientific faith’?

A

To believe that cells can specialize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many compartments does a prokaryotic cell have?

A

One compartment - several regions but one membrane-bound compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Both domains are what organisms?

A

Unicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are cell walls found in all prokaryotes?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example cell that does not have a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is mycoplasma affected by antibiotics that attack cell walls?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a gram-positive bacteria?

A

It has a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane and strain reacts directly with components of the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the gram-negative bacteria?

A

It has a second membrane surrounding the cell wall and strain is prevented from reacting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What region does the gram-negative bacteria have?

A

Periplasmic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a periplasmic space?

A

Region between the outer and inner membrane that has its own characteristic set of proteins and other components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In what conditions does one typically find arachaea?

A

Under extreme environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

At a molecular level, many components of archaea are most similar to?

A

Eukaryotes, NOT bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the three classifications of prokaryotes classified by their temperature affinity?

A

Mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What conditions do psychrophiles live in?

A

Grow best between 15 - 20C but some ca live at 0C
Cold water and soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What conditions do mesophiles live in?

A

Grow best between 25 - 40*C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What conditions do thermophils live in?

A

Grow best between 50 - 60C but some can tolerate up to 110C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three classifications of prokaryotes classified by their pH affinity?

A

Acidophiles, Alkalinophiles (basophiles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What conditions do acidophiles grow in?

A

Grow best at pH beow 5.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What conditions do alkalinophiles (basophiles) grow in?

A

Maintain internal pH around 7
Protected by their cell walls against external extremes
Some grow in pH 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three classifications of prokaryotes classified by their oxygen requirements?

A

Aerobic, anaerobic, facultatively anaerobic/aerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What conditions do aerobic prokaryotes live in?

A

Requires oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What conditions do anaerobic prokaryotes live in?

A

Does not require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What conditions do facultatively anaerobic prokaryotes live in?

A

Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two major compartments of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Holds the genetic material (some don’t have nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything between nucleus and plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What regulates nuclear pores?

A

Nuclear pore complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

NPC

A

Nuclear pore complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does NPC control?

A

Entry and exit of nucleic acids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does NPC do not control?

A

Entry and exit of gases, water, and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In nucleus, high concentration of DNA is equivalent to?

A

Gel of high viscosity (thick gel due to high weight of DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the consequence of high concentration of DNA?

A

Localization becomes important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Does organelles synthesize proteins?

A

No, except mitochondria and chloroplasts. Proteins must be imported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the secretory pathway?

A

Proteins made in RER -> vesicle -> golgi -> vesicle -> plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the properties of a membrane?

A

It can pinch off and fuse moving content and membrane proteins from compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does lumen of ER provide?

A

Provides an oxidizing environment that is important for fading proteins and assembling multisubunit oligomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does transport proteins do?

A

a. Maintain various ionic milieus within compartments
b. Maintain various pH milieus within compartments

50
Q

In which organelles is the concentration Ca2+ high (10^-3 M)?

A

a. mitochondria: intermembrane space b. nucleus: lumen of nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

In which organelles is the concentration Ca2+ low (10^-8 M)?

A

Cytosol

52
Q

Order the organelles with low pH to high pH

A

Lysosome, late endosome, trans-golgi network, early endosome, mitochondria intermemebrane space, cytosol/nucleus/ER, mitochondrial matrix

53
Q

The outer membrane of the envelope is contiguous with?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

54
Q

Lumen in-between is contiguous with?

A

ER lumen

55
Q

What is an example of a non-membrane-bound subcomparments?

A

Nucleolus, inclusion bodies, cajal bodies

56
Q

Do all eukaryotes have one nucleus?

A

No

57
Q

Cell with no nucleus

A

Mammalian RBCs

58
Q

What is syncytium?

A

Hundreds of nuclei in a common cytoplasm

59
Q

Plasma membrane allows?

A

a. Internal environment different from ECM
b. Communication between cells

60
Q

What crosses the membrane the fastest?

A

Gases and other small hydrophobic molecules

61
Q

What crosses the membrane medium fast?

A

water, but requires aquaporins

62
Q

Aquaporins react to?

A

Osmotic pressure

63
Q

What crosses the membrane very slowly or have no movement?

A

ions (without a channel or carrier)

64
Q

Gating is controlled by?

A

a. ligand binding
b. voltage
c. temperature change

65
Q

If with the gradient, what is required?

A

ion channel proteins

66
Q

If against the gradient, what is required?

A

carrier proteins

67
Q

Why did the cell which became the nucleus relinquish?

A

Genes transferred into nucleus from organelle after endosymbiotic event

68
Q

Why did the cells which became mitochondria and chloroplast keep?

A

Because of apparatus of modern prokaryotes

68
Q

Why did mitochondrial genomes have genes for their ribosomal rRNA molecules but not for ANY of their ribosomal proteins?

A

Most of genes for ribosomal proteins were transferred to nuclear genome during evolution because it would be better synthesized in the cytoplasm

68
Q

Why did the original cell los its nucleoid region?

A

One prokaryotic cell engulfed another, and the engulfed cell took over the genetic functions for the combined unit

69
Q

What does viruses use for their hereditary material?

A

Some use DNA, some use RNA

70
Q

What is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Information passed on that is not carried in the DNA sequence

71
Q

Examples of epigenetic inheritance

A

a. Proteins influencing others’ folding
b. Centriole partner creation - always perpendicular to the existing ones

72
Q

Instead of replication, more genes are in the human genome devoted to?

A

repair DNA damage

73
Q

Mistakes that occur during replication is caught by?

A

a. 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity
b. mismatch repair pathway

74
Q

Mistakes that occur via environmental effects is fixed by?

A

repair pathways

75
Q

What happens if some mistakes do not get fixed?

A

become mutations

76
Q

Anatomy of mitochondria

A

two phospholipid bilayers, matrix, intermembrane space, contains DNA

77
Q

What happens in mitochondria?

A

a. glycolysis
b. Kreb’s cycle
convering envegy from glucose to ATP and NADH

78
Q

Anatomy of chloroplasts

A

two phospholipid bilayers, stroma, intermembrane space, thylakoid membranes and spaces inside; contains DNA

79
Q

What does plastids perform?

A

Biosynthetic reactions like nitrogenous base and amino acid synthesis

80
Q

What does plastids develop from?

A

Undifferentiated proplastids

81
Q

What are amyloplasts?

A

differentiated to synthesize and store starch

82
Q

What are chromoplasts?

A

Differentiated to contain various pigments; synthesize carotenoids

83
Q

To which organelles are the proteins delivered posttranslationally?

A

Nucleus, peroxisome, mitochondrion

84
Q

Signal difference of posttranslation and cotranslation

A

sorting signal
signal sequence

85
Q

To which organelles are the proteins delivered cotranslationally?

A

ER

86
Q

How does the proteins arrive at nucleus and peroxisomes?

A

Through a channel in a folded configuration

87
Q

How does the proteins arrive at mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

Through a channel, kept unfolded before transport and refolded post-transport

88
Q

How does the proteins arrive at the ER, Golgi, endosomes, and plasma membrane?

A

Nascent protein being synthesized on a ribosome has its translation halted until it goes to RER, there translation resumes while translocation ensues as the protein emerges from the ribosome. From the RER, proteins get to Golgi via budding and fusing vesicles

89
Q

Why is the proteins moved via coated vesicles?

A

It is essential for budding process, help deform membrane to bud, fall off after budding

90
Q

Pinocytosis

A

a. cells that secrete a lot, must bring back a lot
b. recycling plasma membrane
c. maintaining different phospholipid percentages

91
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

92
Q

The forward transport from ER to Golgi to plasma membrane

A

Anterograde; exocytic

93
Q

The reverse transport from plasma membrane to Golgi to ER

A

Retrograde; endocytic

94
Q

What are proteins that are found in most compartments in cells?

A

Chaperone proteins

95
Q

Do chaperone proteins need enzymatic activity?

A

No

96
Q

What do chaperone proteins do?

A

a. help proteins get folded properly
b. help proteins get unfolded in preparation for translocation across a membrane

97
Q

When do chaperon proteins help proteins get folded properly?

A

a. when they are first made
b. after they just entered a compartment
c. after heat or other stress to a cell

98
Q

What does the crenated RBCS under the microscope look like? Why?

A

Spikey balls; due to dehydration or exposure to hypertonic conditions

99
Q

When does most of the cytoskeletal fibers rearrange?

A

At the beginning of mitosis, meiosis, and then again during telophase again

100
Q

What are the three different cytoskeletal fibers?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments

101
Q

Microtubules

A

a. Made of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin dimers
b. stabilized by interaction with other proteins
c. rearranges
d. subunit dynein

102
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Do not have subunits

103
Q

Actin filaments

A

a. made of actin dimers
subunit myosin

104
Q

Where does the positional information occur?

A

barr bodies next to nuclear envelope, rRNA genes in the nucleolus, Golgi bodies adjacent to RER, centrioles templating perpendicularly on existing centrioles, dorsal-ventral gradients of proteins inside cell cytoplasm

105
Q

Positional information involves?

A

Cytoskeleton

106
Q

There is basal and apical region in this cell

A

Polarized cell

107
Q

Enzymes are highly specific

A

Organized in pathways, meaning that it allows to achieve a concerted goal in steps

108
Q

To maintain homeostasis, enzymes have

A

Feedback mechanisms

109
Q

Signal transduction

A

transducing a signal from outside the cell to an effector region inside the cell

110
Q

Bacteria and archaea divide by

A

Binary fission

111
Q

Yeast and some other fungi divide by

A

Budding

112
Q

Eukaryotes divide by

A

Mitosis and meiosis

113
Q

Fertilized zygote is

A

totipotent

114
Q

Somatic cells are diploid

A

Not always, depends on an organism

115
Q

Embryonic stem cells asre

A

pluripotent

116
Q

What type of stem cell is multipotent?

A

immune cells

117
Q

All stem cells have what ability?

A

self-renew

118
Q

Terminally differentiated cells have lost what?

A

the capacity to divide

119
Q

Totipotent

A

can give rise to all cells of the organism and extraembryonic tissue layer

120
Q

Pluripotent

A

Most organism cells; broad activities in regeneration

121
Q

Multipotent

A

Differentiate into few

Cell & Molecular Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions