chapter 16-18 test Flashcards
the smallest particle of an element that retains the elements properties
atom
the small, positively charged center of the atom
nucleus
particles in the nucleus with an electric charge of +1
protons
electrically neutral particles in the nucleus, dont have charge
neutrons
particles with an electric charge of 1-; occupy space surrounding nucleus of atom
electrons
smaller particles that protons and neutrons are made of
quarks
area around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely to be found
electron cloud
the number of protons in an atoms nucleus
atomic number
the sum of the numbver of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
the weighted average mass of all naturally occuring isotopes of an element, measured in atomic mass units, according to their natural abundances
average atomic mass
elements arranged by increasing atomic NUMBER, and by periodic changes in physical and chemical properties
periodic table
horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table
periods
vertical columns in the periodic table
groups
uses the chemical symbol of an element surrounded by dots to represent the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
electron dot diagram
elements that are shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity
metals
can be hammered and rolled into sheets
malleable
can be drawn into wiresd
ductile
positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a sea of electrons
metallic bonding
when the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy
radioactive element
elements in group 3-12 in the periodic table
transition elements
elements that are usually gases or solids at room temperature
nonmetals
2 atoms of the same element in a covalent bond
diatomic molecule
elements that have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals
metalloids
different molecular structures of the same element
allotropes
elements that conduct an electric current under certain conditions
semiconductors
elements that have more than 92 protons, the atomic number of uranium
transuratium elements
shows what elements a compound contains and the exact number of the atoms of each element in a unit of that compound
chemical formula
the force that holds atoms together in a compound
chemical bond
a charged particle that has either more or fewer electrons than protons
ion
force of attraction between the opposite charges of the ions in an ionic compound
ionic bond
the attraction that forms between atoms when they share electrons
covalent bond
the neutral particle that forms as a result of electrons sharing
molecule
covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally by both atoms
nonpolar bond
a bond in which electrons are shared unequally, resulting in a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end
polar bond
one in which the unequal sharing of electrons results in a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end, although the oerall molecule is neutral
polar molecules
molecule that does not have oppositelty charged ends
nonpolar molecule
positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable q
oxidation number
easiest compounds to write formulas for
binary compunds
+ or - charged, covalently bonded group of atoms
polyatomic ion
