Chapter #16 Flashcards
Personality Traits?
people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.
What is Personality?
the characteristic ways that people differ from one another.
Five-Factor Model - “The Big 5”?
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Childhood Experiences?
our past experiences, shape our unconscious mind and have a significant impact on our current behaviour.
Unconscious Motives?
-wishes, impulses, aims, and drives of which the self is not aware.
Conscious awareness?
Human beings are conscious and are aware of their awareness.
The Self?
assumes that people are good and want to become their best selves.
-we are all unique.
subjective feelings?
a person can only act in terms of their own private experience and subjective perception of reality.
Interpretations of experience?
how our thoughts and perceptions shape our emotional experiences and behaviour.
organization of reality?
consists of rational behaviors involving planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Expectations?
Expectations are brain states that reflect prior information about what is possible or probable of what comes next.
Temperament?
Based on Hans Eysenck’s theory, there is a biological basis to personality, and Personality differences arise from genetics.
Abilities?
individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.
TRAIT (BIOLOGICAL) APPROACH: Enduring Characteristics?
- Also known as traits.
like the “Big 5”
environment?
the environmental or situational influences that impact behavior.
Rewards and punishments?
- Behaviour that is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behaviour that is punished will occur less frequently
Observable behaviour?
observing and modelling another individual’s behaviour, attitudes, or emotional expressions.
Humanistic?
people have clear, well-defined goals and are actively striving to achieve them.
PSYCHODYNAMIC?
people lack insight into their feelings and motives, their behaviour is influenced by processes outside their awareness.
Objective Tests?
administering a standard set of questions, each is answered using a limited set of response options
- ex. true or false
- finals
sibling contrast effect?
parents exaggerate the true magnitude of differences between their children.
Projective tests?
require a person to give spontaneous answers that “project” their unique personality onto an random stimulus.
Validity and Reliability?
concerning self-report and informant ratings.
High-Stakes Testing?
personality test scores are used to
make important decisions about individuals, like applying for a job.
Enhancement bias?
people are motivated to ignore their less desirable characteristics and focus instead on their more positive ones.
reference group effect?
we base our self-perceptions, on how we compare to others in our cultural reference group.
Letter of Recommendation?
the tendency for informants to produce unrealistically positive ratings in recommendations.
Honeymoon Effect?
the tendency for informants to produce unrealistically positive ratings of newlyweds.
