Chapter 16 Flashcards
How did Leibniz’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Leibniz’s monadology proposed levels of awareness from clear to unaware.
How did Goethe’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Goethe described human existence as consisting of a constant struggle between conflicting emotions and tendencies, which no doubt influenced Freud, as Goethe was one of Freud’s favorite authors.
How did Herbart’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Herbart suggested that there was a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious.
How did Schopenhauer’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Schopenhauer believed that humans were governed more by irrational desires than by reason.
He also anticipated Freud’s concepts of repression and sublimation.
How did Nietzsche’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Nietzsche also saw humans as engaged in a perpetual battle between the irrational and the rational.
What did Freud borrow?
Fechner’s concept of the iceberg to explain consciousness and unconsciousness.
Helmholtz’s concept of the conservation of energy within humans influenced
Freud to postulate a use of psychic energy to be distributed in various ways.
What influence did his parents’ relationship have on him?
Freud’s knowledge of his parents’ relationship and the relationship with his mother influenced him greatly.
Who else was influential to Freud?
Ernst Brücke
Positivist perspective and connected him with Theodore Minor (brain anatomist)
Describe Freud and cocaine
- Experimented with Cocaine
- Freud began experimenting with cocaine to treat his depression
- Found that it was very beneficial and had no side effects.
- Freud gave a colleague cocaine to treat a morphine addiction
- The man died a cocaine addict.
- Freud’s medical reputation was damaged
- This led to further skepticism of his theory.
Describe Breuer’s contributions
Freud worked with Breuer with the famous case of Anna O.
Using hypnosis as his therapeutic method, Breuer found that discovering the origin of her physical symptoms, which were usually traumatic experiences, resulted in the symptom being relieved.
He called this the“cathartic method.”The phenomena which were to be called transference and countertransference, were also observed during this case.
Describe transference and countertransference
Transference: View negative aspects of father in Breuer
Countertransference: Therapist’s experience of case → Breuer seeing Anna O. as his daughter
Describe Charcot’s influence on Freud
2 types of influence on Charcot: psychological model of hysteria a la Charcot and broad understanding of hysteria. Charcot exposed him to treatments such as hypnosis.
Describe the development of free association
Freud found hypnosis to be ineffective in several cases and thus attempted to find another method.
Eventually he found that simply encouraging the patient to speak freely about whatever comes to mind seemed to work just as well as hypnosis at uncovering memories once you can get past the resistance displayed by the patient.
Why is Studies On Hysteria an important text?
Laid out basic premise of psychoanalysis
What are the basic ideas of psychoanalysis?
- Symptoms can be symbolic representations of underlying traumatic experiences or conflicts, which are repressed
- The Repressed Experiences Or Conflicts do not go away.
The most effective way to make repressed material conscious is through free association.
Unconscious Motivation
* Important element of psychoanalysis and Freud emphasized the role of sex in unconscious motivation.
Resistance is good for therapist
Why is Project for a Scientific Psychology an important book?
explain psychological phenomena in purely neurophysical terms. In other words, he intended to apply the principles of Helmholtzian physiology, in which he was trained, to the study of the mind.
Helmholtz approach
Freud recognized that this didn’t allow him to do what he wanted to do.
Split for Freud from Helmholtz and what he did instead
Describe Freud’s seduction theory
- Role of sexual attack (seduction)
- From his work with patients with hysteria, he concluded that sexual attack (seduction) was the basis of all hysteria.
- This was called seduction theory
- He Received At Least Some Criticism For the proposal.
- He Later Abandoned The Idea.
Why did Freud analyze his dreams?
He could not use free association on himself, so he needed another avenue for his self-analysis.
What is manifest content?
- What the dream is apparently about (description)
What is latent content?
- What the dream is really about (interpretation and symbolism)
What is wish fulfilment?
- Every dream is a wish fulfillment, a symbolic expression of a wish that the dreamer could not express or satisfy directly without experiencing anxiety.
What is dream work?
To analyze dreams properly, one must be trained and understand dream work, which disguises the wish actually being expressed in the dream.
Includes condensation (one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life) and displacement (where one dreams about something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event).
What is the Oedipus Complex?
- Freud’s gender theory
Through Freud’s own dream analysis, he confirmed his belief that young males tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. From this, infantile sexuality became an important ingredient in his general theory of unconscious motivation.
What are parapraxes?
- Are relatively minor errors in everyday living
- Examples: such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things,
losing things, small accidents, and mistakes in writing.
Describe how parapraxes relate to behaviour
- All behavior is motivated, but the causes of behavior are usually unconscious.
- Therefore, people seldom know why they act as they do.
Often unconsciously motivated.
Behavior is overdetermined, which means that behavior often has more than one cause.
How did Freud view humor?
- People often use humor in the form of jokes to express unacceptable sexual and aggressive tendencies.
Describe Freud’s view of religion
- The basis of religion is the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity.
Describe Freud’s early personality theory
Differentiated among:
The conscious
* Those things which we are aware at given moment
The preconscious
*Things of which we are not aware but of which we could easily become aware
The unconscious
* Memories which are being actively repressed
Later expanded his views with the concepts of id, ego, and superego.
Describe Freud’s later personality theory
Id = primitive drives. unconscious that operated on pleasure principle. Operated through life force called libido (came from id) → motivation for most human behaviour.
Ego = Mediates between id, superego and life’s demands. Reality principle.
Superego = Develops latest. As child is socialized… moralistic sense as they internalize their parents’ values.
Idealistic principle
Ego ideal ⇒ what I can be
Conscious ⇒ Moralizing part
Describe Freud’s view on instincts
- Life and Death Instincts
- Life instincts (eros)
- Include sex, hunger, and thirst
- These Instincts Prolong Life
- Death instincts (thanatos)
- Seek to terminate life
- These instincts manifest as suicide, masochism, or aggression.
Describe the 3 types of anxiety identified by Freud
1) Objective anxiety - physical environment
2) Neurotic anxiety
3) Moral anxiety - not living to moral standards
How does the ego generally deal with anxiety?
To deal with objective anxiety, the ego must deal with the physical environment.
To deal with neurotic and moral anxiety, the ego must use one or more processes called ego defense mechanisms.
Describe repression
Ideas, memories, desires which are in the unconscious can enter consciousness only in disguised form so that they do not cause anxiety.
These ideas, memories, and desires are said to be repressed.
Describe displacement
- Replacing an object or goal that produces anxiety with one that does not.
Describe sublimation
kind of displacement where we channel issues into culturally acceptable avenues
(e.g. art, poetry, sports)
Describe projection
seeing things we don’t want to recognize in other people. Carl Jung → avenue of understanding ourselves = what annoys us about others
Describe introversion
take in values or things that make us feel good
Describe rationalization
- Providing a rational, logical but false reason for a failure or shortcoming.
Describe reaction formation
- When a person has a desire to do something but doing it could cause great anxiety, they do the opposite of what they really want to do.
Describe regression
Revert to a earlier developmental stage.
Describe the psychosexual stages of development Freud proposed as a theory
- Freud believed that at different ages there are different erogenous zones
- Correspond to the part of the body on which sexual pleasure is concentrated
- Each stage refers to a particular erogenous zone
- According to Freud, the experiences a child has during each stage determine, to a large extent, his or her adult personality.
- The experiences could result in the person becoming fixated at that stage and affect his/her personality as an adult.
Describe the theory in detail
Oral: infant → nursing etc. gives pleasure. Depends on over or under-gratify child’s needs. Oral-incorporated → Smokes or over-eats. Pleasure source in a neurotic manner. Fixated towards teething → Oral-sadistic → Biting behaviors in childhood → adulthood: sarcastic
Anal (2): Toilet training. Received by parents. Rewarded in a healthy way → good. Anal-explusive: Disorganized, wasteful, chaotic. Anal-retentive character: Collector, keeps things organized, perfectionistic.
Phallic stage (5 or 6 years old): Oedipal complex → young child becomes aware of mother and believes father stands in the way. Get scared and incorporate father and leave desire for mom behind. Leads to development of masculinity.
Female Oedipal complex → young girl starts by recognizing there’s a difference between men and women. Penis envy. Partially resolved at some point when they internalize femininity of mother and don’t get over father.
Latency (6-puberty): Dormant. Focus on academics and socialization
Genital stage (Puberty): Desire comes back. Wield it properly → Development is complete.
How is Freud often portrayed?
Freud was a lonely, heroic figure due to his own actions → differing interpretations were discarded
Was also discriminated against because he was Jewish → Vienna was anti-semetic. Books burned by Gestapo
Freud wasn’t looking for acceptance in medical community but wanted to proposed an alternative to the established medical community
Describe the allegations that Freud manipulated his patients
In “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” Freud wrote that none of Freud’s patients reported a seduction
of any kind.
There is evidence now that he manipulated events during therapy to confirm that hysteria had a sexual origin.
Describe repressed memories
- The Reality of Repressed Memory
- There is a current debate over the accuracy of repressed memories.
- Many researchers accept them as valid, but many do not.
- Based on her research, Elizabeth Loftus has concluded that most, if not all, reports of repressed memories are false.
Describe current concerns regarding repressed memories
- Loftus concludes that most, if not all, reports of repressed memories are false. If her conclusion is accurate, why do so many individuals claim to have such memories? One possible reason is that the creation of such memories satisfies a personal need.
Describe positive contributions of Freud
Expansion of psychology’s domain
Psychoanalysis
Understanding of normal behavior
Generalization of psychology to other fields
Describe Karl Abraham’s contributions
One of his most loyal followers
With him until the end
Importance: Influenced people directly Karen Horney, Melanie Klein
Significance in interaction
Describe Max Eitington’s contributions
Popularizer
Training and educational parameters of it
Describe the contributions of Alfred Ernest Jones
Helped Freud flee Vienna
Official biographer
Describe the contributions of Otto Rank
Freud’s right hand man
Extended psychoanalysis into art, myth and creativity
1924: The Trauma of Birth
Pioneered the idea of separation anxiety → challenged Oedipal complex
Fled to America and worked there
What were Jung’s major contributions?
- Personal & Collective Unconscious
- Causality, Synchronicity, and Dreams
- Psychological Types
What are the issues that Jung had with Freud?
Issue w/ Freud: Overemphasis on sex
Libido → life force, creative force that helps us reach our potential
Describe Jung’s contributions in detail
Analytical Psych or Psychoanalysis
→ Self-actualization theory
Balance out opposing tendencies
→ Personality changes across the lifespan.
Most famous idea: Collective unconscious → ancestral background of our species.
Tendencies, feelings and characteristics of our species as a whole. Conduct in a way that is culturally pattern in a certain way → seen by others in that way.
Archetypes influence us and how we act. Men → Anima, Women → Animus, Shadow → things that we want to hide, repress or deny. Projection leads to judging others.
Live our lives by projecting onto other people. Problematic in relationships → fall in love with version of ourselves
Goal of life is to balance opposing archetypes and bring unconscious things to awareness
Psychological types: introversion and extroversion
Synchronicity: Related to each other but not causal
E.g. Fight between Freud and Jung. Freud slammed a table and on the other side of the room, a book fell down.
Dream Theory: They reflect compensatory tendencies → underdeveloped in real/waking life. Grow, develop, change.
Describe Adler’s major contributions
- Inferiority and Compensation
- Worldview and Lifestyles
- The Creative Self
Describe his notion of inferiority and compensation
People are born with organ inferiorities (e.g. weak heart, arm, leg) → compensate by developing strength in another area. E.g.
Someone born with a weak heart becomes a talented musician
Overcompensate: Turn the weakness into a strength.
Psych. Inferiorities → depend on people when we are born → inferiority develops
Deal with it by attaining power → sense of control
Can be good if directed appropriately
Sometimes too much → can’t do anything → inferiority complex
Superiority complex → power for power’s sake
Describe his notion of worldview
Influenced by Hans Vaihinger → no meaning in life, we construct ourselves
We develop worldview as children → create goals as a result
Basis of goals → lifestyle (conduct ourselves in everyday life)
Healthy lifestyles (social interest → making world better), Mistaken lifestyle (narcissistic, selfish interest)
Goal: Fix issue
Describe his notion of the creative self
We are a creative species → create who we want to be in spite of our traumas
What were Reich’s major contributions?
- Character Types
- Psychology of Fascism
- Orgone
Describe his idea of character types
Unconscious isn’t part of the mind → in the body. Unconscious and repressed → block in the body (e.g. postural). These blocks were termed rings and related to certain childhood traumas
Describe the schizoid character type
Being rejected by parents → breakdown of body and mind. Schizophrenia, psychosis. Body is closed, tight, chaotic.
Describe the oral character type
Dependency → close, low-down, hunch, disempower in body. Dragging to the ground
Describe psychopathic character type
Manipulative parents → closed-off tendency. Resistance to vulnerability and tendency to manipulate others. Structure: Reverse triangle.
Describe masoschistic character type
Parents don’t draw boundaries. Extremely muscular or overweight body types. It wants to draw the ire of others.
Describe rigid character type
Most common. Shame or denial in childhood. Split in the middle of the body where the genitals are isolated from the heart. No connection between love and sexuality. Lack of ability to connect.
Describe orgone
Biological energy. Word stems from orgasm and organism. Orgone accumulators in the 1940s → harness energy for a whole bunch of things.
Pseudo-scientific
Messed around with FDA → medical devices and he died in jail
Describe the importance of Anna Freud
A pioneer in childhood
psychoanalysis
Revised her father’s theory of defense mechanisms.
Founder of ego psychology.
Describe ego psychology
Significant differences between analyzing
children and adults
These differences caused Anna to emphasize the ego more in child analysis than when treating adults.
The major difference is that children do not recall early traumatic experiences as adults do. Children display developmental experiences as they occur.
Anna used the term “developmental lines” to describe the child’s gradual transition from dependence on external controls to mastery of internal and external reality.
These lines are attempts by the child to adapt to life’s demands, whether those demands are situational, interpersonal, or personal.
The lines describe normal development.
Focus of analysis: ego → can’t verbalize trauma
Extended theory of defense mechanisms, can use them in healthy ways as well
2 added: Altruistic surrender (e.g. Swifties and love), and identification with the aggressor (e.g. Stockholm syndrome)
Describe Erik Erikson
- Analysis of the Ego
- Started the analysis of the ego, which was continued by Hartmann and Erikson
- Erikson
- Extended Freud’s developmental milestones into adulthood and even old age and changed them to focus on social development rather than sexual development.
Describe the contributions of Heinz Kohl
- Developed ‘self psychology.’
Emphasized a tension between a grandiose self and an
idealized object.
Differed from Freud’s view of motivation as rooted in drives.
Saw More Severe Psychological Disturbances As Treatable via psychoanalysis.
Describe Klein’s contributions
- Founder of Object Relations Theory.
*Pioneered the psychoanalysis of children. - Developed A Distinct Approach To Understanding psychosexual development.
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
Depressive Position
Describe the contribution of Ronald Fairbairn
A follower of Klein’s theories, he challenged some aspects of Freud’s approach.
Introduced the defense mechanism of ‘splitting’.
Describe Winnicott’s contribution
Focused primarily on infant and childhood psychoanalysis.
Emphasized the role of the parent in the development of their child’s sense of self.
* The Good Enough Parent.
Describe Bowlby’s contributions
- Founder of attachment theory.
Developed attachment theory based on the principle that early relationships affect later relationships
Caregiver needs to be accessible to the child (create a secure base) & bonding relationships between parents forms an internal mental working model → serves how we form later relationships
- Separation Anxiety
Both humans and chimps would cry when mother left → expected reaction
Child would actively look for primary caregiver and resist soothing from another person → protest stage
The infant starts to become apathetic when mother doesn’t return → despair stage
Common in both humans and chimps
If human children are continually separated from parents, they start to detach from caregivers → emotional detachment
Detached and parent returns → either avoid or resist attempts to be comforted
Describe the contributions of Mary Ainsworth
- Developed the ‘Strange Situation’ technique for studying attachment styles.
- Secure Attachment: mother returns and baby initiates contact & are confident that mother will return. Babies cry when mom leaves the room
- Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment:
React extremely strongly when mother leaves the room. Have a hard time being comforted. They run over but rebut attempts to be comforted. Conflicting messages. Fear and anger - Avoidant/Dismissive Attachment: don’t cry when mom leaves and approach stranger. Mom returns and they ignore her.
- Disorganized Attachment: No clear pattern displayed from mom leaving and returning. Can be a sign of abuse or neglect.
Describe Karen Horney’s contributions
- Social Psychoanalysis
- Feminine Psychology
What is social psychoanalysis?
Positing unconscious sexual conflicts wasn’t relevant
Economic issues were at the heart of her patient’s concerns
Social organization, reaction, relationships
Most psych. Issues are a result of disturbed modes of reacting with others
Parent child relationships set the stage
Kids need to feel safe and have their biological needs
Parental attitudes: loving or ambivalent ways
Don’t do it properly → kid forms basic hostility
Builds into a worldview as an unsafe place
The child can’t express hatred for parents → repress it → basic anxiety
Basic anxiety → relationship issues → neurotic behaviour
3 patterns that are displayed in everyone but healthy people can move through them easily while neurotic people are stuck in one
Moving towards people → Give in to everything in order to be accepted. People-pleaser or doormat
Moving against people → Hostility. The dictator → if I have power, I can’t be hurt. Manipulative.
Moving away from people → Detachment. Avoid other people and run away. Withdraw to maintain distance and protect someone
Describe feminine psychology
Challenge to Freud: Flip psychoanalysis on its head.
Penis envy → social construct
Desire for biological thing → desire for equality/power
Our personality is determined by gender
Society treats you based on your morphology.
Culture also plays a role
Describe Allers’ contributions
character psychology.
Student of Kraeplin and worked with phenomenologists
Built off of Alfred Adler’s work specifically the will to power
There’s a will to community that allows us to take care of ourselves and develop an appropriate kind of character
Describe Sullivan’s work
- Interpersonal Psychology
Treat mental illness by understanding their relationships
Cause of MI is cultural forces: world or relationships
Loneliness is the worst human emotions
Founded one of the leading psychoanalysis institutions in the world
Founded Psychiatry
Describe Fromm’s work
- Contributed to humanistic psychoanalysis and escape from freedom
Escape from Freedom (recommended by prof) → key idea: People often run away from responsibility by submitting themselves to an authoritarian. Provides safety.
Society isn’t set up in a way that satisfies human needs
Because of our development, there’s
5 other needs: one is relatedness, understood by others
If we feel we can’t establish relationships → flee from freedom
Transcendance: Create and do things and have avenues to do that
Rootedness: We need to belong somewhere and feel connected to our environment
Personal identity: Need to show up as something unique aka who we are
Develop a consistent orientation to understand ourselves and our world.
Capitalism and communism hasn’t done this → need something that does
Describe Lacanian psychoanalysis
Unconscious is structured like a language
Deep and surface structure
We are always searching for authenticity → foundational inauthenticity to what it means to be human
Trying to attain something we can’t be
Neat dev. Theory → Infants live in pure narcissism → no distinction between their body and their caregiver’s → intense joy → jeunsans
Some not knowing
Gradual moment when kid recognizes themselves in a mirror (mirror stage)
Limits to body
Forms basis of sense of self
Inculcated in culture → Child sees Mother attending to Big Other (language)
Identify with symbols and values in order to recapture mom’s attention
Squeezed in after language and don’t have access to the same kind of happiness anymore.
Inauthenticity stems from language acquisition
Describe psychoanalytic theory today
Psychoanalysis found in politics, sociology and philosophers
Psych is mostly positivistic and attempts have been made to exclude humanities
