Chapter 16 Flashcards
How did Leibniz’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Leibniz’s monadology proposed levels of awareness from clear to unaware.
How did Goethe’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Goethe described human existence as consisting of a constant struggle between conflicting emotions and tendencies, which no doubt influenced Freud, as Goethe was one of Freud’s favorite authors.
How did Herbart’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Herbart suggested that there was a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious.
How did Schopenhauer’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Schopenhauer believed that humans were governed more by irrational desires than by reason.
He also anticipated Freud’s concepts of repression and sublimation.
How did Nietzsche’s work influence psychoanalysis?
Nietzsche also saw humans as engaged in a perpetual battle between the irrational and the rational.
What did Freud borrow?
Fechner’s concept of the iceberg to explain consciousness and unconsciousness.
Helmholtz’s concept of the conservation of energy within humans influenced
Freud to postulate a use of psychic energy to be distributed in various ways.
What influence did his parents’ relationship have on him?
Freud’s knowledge of his parents’ relationship and the relationship with his mother influenced him greatly.
Who else was influential to Freud?
Ernst Brücke
Positivist perspective and connected him with Theodore Minor (brain anatomist)
Describe Freud and cocaine
- Experimented with Cocaine
- Freud began experimenting with cocaine to treat his depression
- Found that it was very beneficial and had no side effects.
- Freud gave a colleague cocaine to treat a morphine addiction
- The man died a cocaine addict.
- Freud’s medical reputation was damaged
- This led to further skepticism of his theory.
Describe Breuer’s contributions
Freud worked with Breuer with the famous case of Anna O.
Using hypnosis as his therapeutic method, Breuer found that discovering the origin of her physical symptoms, which were usually traumatic experiences, resulted in the symptom being relieved.
He called this the“cathartic method.”The phenomena which were to be called transference and countertransference, were also observed during this case.
Describe transference and countertransference
Transference: View negative aspects of father in Breuer
Countertransference: Therapist’s experience of case → Breuer seeing Anna O. as his daughter
Describe Charcot’s influence on Freud
2 types of influence on Charcot: psychological model of hysteria a la Charcot and broad understanding of hysteria. Charcot exposed him to treatments such as hypnosis.
Describe the development of free association
Freud found hypnosis to be ineffective in several cases and thus attempted to find another method.
Eventually he found that simply encouraging the patient to speak freely about whatever comes to mind seemed to work just as well as hypnosis at uncovering memories once you can get past the resistance displayed by the patient.
Why is Studies On Hysteria an important text?
Laid out basic premise of psychoanalysis
What are the basic ideas of psychoanalysis?
- Symptoms can be symbolic representations of underlying traumatic experiences or conflicts, which are repressed
- The Repressed Experiences Or Conflicts do not go away.
The most effective way to make repressed material conscious is through free association.
Unconscious Motivation
* Important element of psychoanalysis and Freud emphasized the role of sex in unconscious motivation.
Resistance is good for therapist
Why is Project for a Scientific Psychology an important book?
explain psychological phenomena in purely neurophysical terms. In other words, he intended to apply the principles of Helmholtzian physiology, in which he was trained, to the study of the mind.
Helmholtz approach
Freud recognized that this didn’t allow him to do what he wanted to do.
Split for Freud from Helmholtz and what he did instead
Describe Freud’s seduction theory
- Role of sexual attack (seduction)
- From his work with patients with hysteria, he concluded that sexual attack (seduction) was the basis of all hysteria.
- This was called seduction theory
- He Received At Least Some Criticism For the proposal.
- He Later Abandoned The Idea.
Why did Freud analyze his dreams?
He could not use free association on himself, so he needed another avenue for his self-analysis.
What is manifest content?
- What the dream is apparently about (description)
What is latent content?
- What the dream is really about (interpretation and symbolism)
What is wish fulfilment?
- Every dream is a wish fulfillment, a symbolic expression of a wish that the dreamer could not express or satisfy directly without experiencing anxiety.
What is dream work?
To analyze dreams properly, one must be trained and understand dream work, which disguises the wish actually being expressed in the dream.
Includes condensation (one element of a dream symbolizes several things in waking life) and displacement (where one dreams about something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event).
What is the Oedipus Complex?
- Freud’s gender theory
Through Freud’s own dream analysis, he confirmed his belief that young males tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers. From this, infantile sexuality became an important ingredient in his general theory of unconscious motivation.
What are parapraxes?
- Are relatively minor errors in everyday living
- Examples: such as slips of the tongue, forgetting things,
losing things, small accidents, and mistakes in writing.
Describe how parapraxes relate to behaviour
- All behavior is motivated, but the causes of behavior are usually unconscious.
- Therefore, people seldom know why they act as they do.
Often unconsciously motivated.
Behavior is overdetermined, which means that behavior often has more than one cause.
How did Freud view humor?
- People often use humor in the form of jokes to express unacceptable sexual and aggressive tendencies.
Describe Freud’s view of religion
- The basis of religion is the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity.
Describe Freud’s early personality theory
Differentiated among:
The conscious
* Those things which we are aware at given moment
The preconscious
*Things of which we are not aware but of which we could easily become aware
The unconscious
* Memories which are being actively repressed
Later expanded his views with the concepts of id, ego, and superego.
Describe Freud’s later personality theory
Id = primitive drives. unconscious that operated on pleasure principle. Operated through life force called libido (came from id) → motivation for most human behaviour.
Ego = Mediates between id, superego and life’s demands. Reality principle.
Superego = Develops latest. As child is socialized… moralistic sense as they internalize their parents’ values.
Idealistic principle
Ego ideal ⇒ what I can be
Conscious ⇒ Moralizing part
Describe Freud’s view on instincts
- Life and Death Instincts
- Life instincts (eros)
- Include sex, hunger, and thirst
- These Instincts Prolong Life
- Death instincts (thanatos)
- Seek to terminate life
- These instincts manifest as suicide, masochism, or aggression.
Describe the 3 types of anxiety identified by Freud
1) Objective anxiety - physical environment
2) Neurotic anxiety
3) Moral anxiety - not living to moral standards
How does the ego generally deal with anxiety?
To deal with objective anxiety, the ego must deal with the physical environment.
To deal with neurotic and moral anxiety, the ego must use one or more processes called ego defense mechanisms.
Describe repression
Ideas, memories, desires which are in the unconscious can enter consciousness only in disguised form so that they do not cause anxiety.
These ideas, memories, and desires are said to be repressed.
