Chapter 15 - Urbanization, Population, And The Enviroment

Question 1

What are the two characteristics of ancient cities?

Answer 1

1. They were usually surrounded by walls that served as a military defense
2. The central area of he city was almost always occupied by a religious temple, a royal palace, government buildings, and a public center

Question 2

Conurbation

Answer 2

A cluster or gowns or cities forming an unbroken urban environment

Question 3

Megalopolis

Answer 3

Very large conurbations

Question 4

Urbanization

Answer 4

The movement of the population into towns and cities and away from the land

Question 5

How is urbanization related to globalization?

Answer 5

The more urbanized cities become, the more they are able to connect and become global.

Question 6

Ecology approach

Answer 6

A perspective on urban analysis empathizing the “natural” distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics.

Question 7

Inner city

Answer 7

The areas composing the central neighborhoods of a city.

Question 8

Urban ecology

Answer 8

An approach study of urban life based on an analogy of plants and organisms to the physical environment.

Question 9

Urbanism

Answer 9

A term used to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonal or alienating nature

Question 10

How does urban ecology use physical science analogies to explain life in modern cities?

Answer 10

Plants grow where the resources are plentiful. Cities are created by similar principles.

Question 11

What is the urban interaction problem?

Answer 11

The necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries when so many people are in close physical proximity all the time.

Question 12

Created environment

Answer 12

Constructions established by human beings to serve their own needs.

Question 13

What is ‘Eyes and Ears Upon the Street’?

Answer 13

According to Jane Jacobs, the more people there are on the streets, the more likely street life will be orderly

Question 14

Suburbanization

Answer 14

The development of towns surrounding a city

Question 15

Exurban counties

Answer 15

Low-density suburban counties on the periphery of large metro areas.

Question 16

Urban renewal

Answer 16

The process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old buildings and the construction of new ones.

Question 17

Gentrification

Answer 17

A process of urban renewal in which older, deteriorated housing is refurbished by affluent people moving into the area

Question 18

Global city

Answer 18

A city that has become an organizing center of the new global economy.

Question 19

Informal economy

Answer 19

Economic transactions carried on outside the sphere of formal paid employment

Question 20

Demography

Answer 20

The study of the size, distribution, and composition of populations

Question 21

Crude birthrate

Answer 21

A statistical measure representing the number of births within a given population per year

Question 22

Fertility

Answer 22

The average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society

Question 23

Fecundity

Answer 23

A measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce

Question 24

Crude death rate

Answer 24

A statistical measurement representing the number of deaths that occur annually in a given population per year

Question 25

Mortality

Answer 25

The number of deaths in a population

Question 26

Infant mortality rate

Answer 26

The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per 1,000 live births.

Question 27

Life expectancy

Answer 27

The number of years an average person can expect to live

Question 28

Life span

Answer 28

The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species

Question 29

Rates of population of growth or decline

Answer 29

A measure of population change calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per 1,000 from the number of births per 1,000

Question 30

Exponential growth

Answer 30

A geometric, rather than linear, rate of increase. Populations tend to grow exponentially

Question 31

Doubling time

Answer 31

The time it takes for a particular level of population to double

Question 32

Malthusianism

Answer 32

A doctrine about population dynamics developed by Thomas Malthus, according to which, population increase comes up against "natural limits," represented by famine and war

Question 33

Demographic transition

Answer 33

The changes in the ratio of births to deaths in the industrialized countries from the nineteenth century onward

Question 34

Dependency ratio

Answer 34

The ratio of people of dependent ages (children and the elderly) to people economically active ages

Question 35

Sustainable development

Answer 35

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Question 36

Anthropocene

Answer 36

A term used to denote the current geographical epoch, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities

Question 37

What are at least two problems facing rural America today

Answer 37

extreme population loss, decline in farming, high poverty opportunities, and scarce economic opportunities.

Question 38

Why did so many Americans move to suburban areas in the 1950's and 1960's?

Answer 38

The post-war economic boom mad housing in the suburbs cheaper than apartments in the city

Question 39

What are two unintended consequences of suburbanization?

Answer 39

It created more highways and took manufacturing and service jobs with them to the suburbs.

Question 40

What are the four main characteristics of globalization on cities?

Answer 40

1. They have developed into command posts for the global economy 2. They are the key locations for financial and specialized service firms 3. They are the sites of production and innovation in these newly expanded industries 4. They are markets in which the products of financial and service industries are bought, sold, or otherwise disposed of

Question 41

What is the effect of globalization on cities?

Answer 41

Made them more interdependent and encouraged the connection of cities

Question 42

What are economic consequences of urban growth in developing countries?

Answer 42

Because of rapid population growth, there are not enough jobs for all the people who live in the new urbanized areas

Question 43

What are environmental consequences of urban growth in developing countries?

Answer 43

There is not enough housing for all the new residents, coupled with the rise in pollution and unclean water

Question 44

What are social consequences of urban growth in developing countries?

Answer 44

Poverty is widespread and existing social services can't keep up with the need for healthcare, etc.

Question 45

What is the difference between fertility and fecundity?

Answer 45

Fertility is the average number of children born, while fecundity is the number of children that's biologically possible

Question 46

What's Malthus's position on the relationship between population growth and the food supply?

Answer 46

He believed that, because food supplies can't keep up with the rapid increases in population, we are doomed to live forever in famine and war.

Question 47

What approach to urban analysis claims that “cities do not grow up at random but in response to advantageous features of the environment”?

Answer 47

the Chicago School’s ecological view

Question 48

According to David Harvey, urbanism is a process that involves a constant restructuring of space. What influences this process?

Answer 48

decisions made by business, government, and investors

Question 49

Social problems such as high levels of child poverty, high rates of motor vehicle fatalities and other accidental deaths, and low levels of health and educational services are troubling realities faced by people living...

Answer 49

In rural areas

Question 50

In modern societies, most of the population lives where?

Answer 50

In the city

Question 51

Manuel Castells emphasized __________, such as the gay community in San Francisco, as an important factor in urban development.

Answer 51

Underprivileged groups

Question 52

What are the stages of the demographic transition?

Answer 52

Stage 1. The conditions characteristic of most traditional societies, where birth and death rates and infant mortality are high Stage 2. When death rates fall while fertility remains high Stage 3. When birth rates fall to such a level that population is fairly stable

Question 53

What is the human exceptionalism paradigm?

Answer 53

The believe that humans are unique amongst all species