CHAPTER 15 SPECIAL SENSES Flashcards
1) Where are the general senses located? A) skin B) nose C) eyes D) tongue
A) skin
2) What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS? A) cranial nerves only
B) spinal nerves only
C) cervical nerves only
D) both cranial and spinal nerves
A) cranial nerves only
3) To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried? A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) thalamus D) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
4) Special senses, such as sight and sound, are converted to an action potential by: A) sensation. B) interpretation. C) transduction. D) perception.
C) transduction.
5) Olfaction is the sense of: A) taste. B) smell. C) balance. D) hearing.
B) smell.
6) The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by: A) supporting cells. B) olfactory bulbs. C) olfactory tracts. D) axons of the olfactory neurons.
D) axons of the olfactory neurons.
7) Damage to the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium results in a loss of: A) hearing. B) vision. C) taste. D) smell.
D) smell.
8) The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in: A) mucus. B) blood. C) cerumen. D) saliva.
A) mucus.
9) Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal.
1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons.
2. cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell.
3. The G-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).
4. The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor. 5. The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.
A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5
D) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
10) Place the following steps of nerve impulses in the olfaction pathway in order. 1. primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
2. olfactory nerve
3. olfactory neurons
4. olfactory bulb
A) 3, 2, 4, 1
B) 2, 3, 4, 1
C) 3, 4, 2, 1
D) 2, 4, 3, 1
A) 3, 2, 4, 1
11) Which of the following papillae found on the surface of the tongue contains no taste buds, but does contain sensory nerve endings to detect the temperature and texture of food? A) filiform papillae B) foliate papillae C) fungiform papillae D) vallate (circumvallate) papillae
A) filiform papillae
REFER TO PICTURE OF THE TONGUE
12) Which letter represents the foliate taste buds?
A) A
B) B
C) C
B) B
13) Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes? A) olfactory cell
B) supporting cell
C) basal cell
D) gustatory cell
D) gustatory cell
14) Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on the microvilli of: A) basal cells. B) supporting cells. C) gustatory cells. D) olfactory cells.
C) gustatory cells.
15) How is the sensation of taste affected by a dry mouth?
A) Foods have a more intense taste when the mouth is dry.
B) Foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry.
C) The moisture level of the mouth has no influence on taste sensation. D) Most foods will taste bitter when the mouth is dry.
B) Foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry.
16) What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors, and the cell depolarizes? A) bitter B) sour C) umami D) salty
D) salty
17) Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste: A) salty. B) sweet. C) bitter. D) sour.
B) sweet.
18) Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS. A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII) B) vagus nerves (CN X) C) facial nerves (CN VII) D) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)
19) Damage to the facial nerve would result in a loss of taste sensation from: A) roof of the mouth. B) posterior one-third of the tongue. C) anterior two-thirds of the tongue. D) base of the tongue.
C) anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
20) Where is the primary gustatory cortex located? A) occipital lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) frontal lobe
B) parietal lobe
21) What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together? A) lacrimal gland B) sudoriferous gland C) tarsal gland D) ceruminous gland
C) tarsal gland
REFER TO PICTURE OF THE EYE
22) Select the letter representing the nasolacrimal duct. A) A B) B C) C D) D
D) D
23) A weak superior oblique muscle would impair:
A) depression of the eye and lateral movement.
B) superior movement of the eye.
C) lateral movement and elevation of the eye.
D) inferior and lateral movement of the eye.
A) depression of the eye and lateral movement.
24) Which extrinsic eye muscles act together to move the eye directly inferiorly? A) superior oblique and inferior rectus B) lateral rectus and inferior oblique C) inferior oblique and superior rectus D) inferior oblique and inferior rectus
A) superior oblique and inferior rectus
25) The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are: A) vascular, neural, and fibrous layers. B) fibrous, neural, and vascular layers. C) neural, vascular, and fibrous layers. D) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers.
D) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers.
26) The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the: A) lens. B) cornea. C) conjunctiva. D) choroid.
B) cornea.
27) What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil? A) cornea B) sclera C) iris D) lens
C) iris
28) What region of the retina contains a high density of photoreceptor cells and allows for extremely detailed vision? A) optic disc B) fovea centralis C) ciliary body D) ora serrata
B) fovea centralis
29) The optic disc is known as the blind spot because:
A) only cones populate the optic disc.
B) photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.
C) the fovea centralis prevents light from striking the optic disc.
D) only rods populate the optic disc.
B) photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.
30) What is the function of the lens?
A) The lens focuses light on the retina.
B) The lens nourishes the retina.
C) The lens controls the amount of light passing through the pupil.
D) The lens reduces the scattering of light.
A) The lens focuses light on the retina.
31) What secretes the aqueous humor? A) vitreous humor B) ciliary body C) iris D) lens
B) ciliary body
32) What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball? A) perilymph B) aqueous humor C) ora serrata D) vitreous humor
D) vitreous humor
33) What unit of light stimulates photoreceptor cells in the retina? A) refractive index B) gamma ray C) photon D) glutamate
C) photon
34) Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina? A) ciliary body and suspensory ligaments B) pupil and iris C) cornea and lens D) sclera and choroid
C) cornea and lens
35) The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as: A) accommodation. B) inversion. C) refraction. D) convergence.
A) accommodation.
36) Twenty-year-old Leslie learned she is hyperopic after having her eyes examined. What best describes her eye condition?
A) Her eyeballs are too short.
B) Her eyeballs are too long.
C) Her eyeball shape is normal.
D) Her eyes are experiencing age-related decline.
A) Her eyeballs are too short.
37) Determine the correct order of events that occur when light strikes photoreceptor cells.
1. The bipolar cell depolarizes.
2. Action potentials are sent to the brain via the optic nerve (CN II).
3. Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor.
4. Retinal ganglion cell produces action potentials.
A) 3, 4, 1, 2
B) 3, 1, 4, 2
C) 1, 4, 2, 3
D) 3, 2, 4, 1
B) 3, 1, 4, 2
38) What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color? A) bipolar cell B) rod C) cone D) hair cell
C) cone
39) What pigment is derived from vitamin A? A) photopsin B) retinal C) opsin D) transducin
B) retinal
40) The three types of cones are designated: A) yellow, red, and blue. B) red, yellow, and blue. C) red, green, and yellow. D) red, green, and blue.
D) red, green, and blue.
41) People who are unable to distinguish certain colors have a form of: A) color blindness. B) glaucoma. C) cataracts. D) astigmatism.
A) color blindness.
42) When a photoreceptor cell is stimulated by light:
A) sodium ions enter the outer segment of the photoreceptor and depolarize it.
B) transducin and phosphodiesterase (PDE) are inactive.
C) the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as sodium ion channels close.
D) opsin and cis-retinal combine to form rhodopsin.
C) the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as sodium ion channels close.
43) In the light-adapted state:
A) rods are bleached and unable to function.
B) colors are dull.
C) we can only see color and not black and white.
D) we could see better in the dark.
A) rods are bleached and unable to function.
44) In the dark (absence of a stimulus), the photoreceptors are: A) depolarized. B) bleached. C) polarized. D) hyperpolarized.
A) depolarized.
45) Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because:
A) rods exposed to bright light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
B) the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
C) rhodopsin does not function in dim light.
D) only cones function in dim light.
A) rods exposed to bright light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
46) Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain? A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) hypothalamus C) optic chiasma D) occipital lobe
C) optic chiasma
47) The inability to recognize a family member indicates impairment in the: A) parietal lobe.
B) dorsal pathway.
C) anterior (ventral) pathway.
D) pretectal area.
C) anterior (ventral) pathway.
48) What is NOT a function of cerumen?
A) Cerumen waterproofs and lubricates the external auditory canal.
B) Cerumen traps debris before it reaches the tympanic membrane.
C) Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal.
D) Cerumen sweeps debris from the external auditory canal.
C) Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal.
49) What separates the outer ear from the middle ear? A) pharyngotympanic tube B) auricle C) tympanic membrane D) auditory ossicles
C) tympanic membrane
50) Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane? A) incus B) malleus C) stapes D) anvil
B) malleus
