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AnaPhy Midterms > Chapter 15 : RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

Chapter 15 : RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

provides the O2 needed in cellular respiration to make ATP from glucose.

A

BREATHING

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2
Q

respiratory system has two divisions

A

the Upper respiratory tract and the Lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, pharynx(throat), and the larynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, and the lungs

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5
Q

consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity.

A

nose

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6
Q

visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face

A

external nose

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7
Q

Most of the external nose is composed of

A

hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

the bridge of the external nose consists of

A

bone

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9
Q

external openings of the nose

A

nares

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10
Q

openings into the pharynx.

A

choanae

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11
Q

extends from the nares to the choanae

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

a partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts

A

nasal septum

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13
Q

occurs when the septum bulges to one side.

A

deviated nasal septum

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14
Q

forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

A

hard palate

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15
Q

are present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.

A

conchae

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16
Q

increases the surface area of the nasal cavity and cause air to churn, so that it can be cleansed, humidified, and warmed.

A

conchae

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17
Q

are air-filled spaces within bone.

A

paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

They include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses, each named for the bones in which they are located. The paranasal sinuses open into the nasal cavity and are lined with a mucous membrane.

A

paranasal sinuses

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19
Q

They reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.

A

paranasal sinuses

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20
Q

inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.

A

sinusitis

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21
Q

can cause mucous membranes to become inflamed and swollen and to produce excess mucus. As a result, the sinus opening into the nasal cavity can be partially or completely blocked.

A

common cold

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22
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

taking antibiotics, taking decongestants, and drinking fluids

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23
Q

which carry tears from the eyes, also open into the nasal cavity.

A

nasolacrimal ducts

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24
Q

Sensory receptors for the sense of smell are found in

A

superior part of the nasal cavity

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25
Q

The nasal cavity is lined with two different types of epithelial tissues.

A

stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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26
Q

Just inside the nares, the lining of the cavity is composed of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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28
Q

contains coarse hairs

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

contains cilia and many mucus-producing goblet cells

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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30
Q

dislodges foreign substances from the nasal cavity.

A

sneeze reflex

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31
Q

where the reflex is triggered.

A

medulla oblongata

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32
Q

is stimulated by exposure to bright light, such as the sun.

A

photic sneeze reflex

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33
Q

causes the pupils to constrict in response to bright light.

A

pupillary reflex

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34
Q

is the common passageway for both the respiratory and the digestive systems.

A

pharynx

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35
Q

The pharynx is divided into three regions

A

(1) the nasopharynx, (2) the oropharynx, and (3) the laryngopharynx

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36
Q

is the superior part of the pharynx.

A

nasopharynx

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37
Q

which is an incomplete muscle and connective tissue partition separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

A

soft palate

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38
Q

the posterior extension of the soft palate

A

uvula

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39
Q

The posterior part of the nasopharynx contains the

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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40
Q

helps defend the body against infection

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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41
Q

extends from the uvula to the epiglottis, and the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx.

A

oropharynx

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42
Q

The oropharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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43
Q

Two sets of tonsils

A

the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil

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44
Q

located near the opening between the mouth and the oropharynx.

A

the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil

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45
Q

are located in the lateral walls near the border of the oral cavity and the oropharynx.

A

the palatine tonsils

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46
Q

is located on the surface of the posterior part of the tongue.

A

the lingual tonsil

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47
Q

passes posterior to the larynx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus.

A

laryngopharynx

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48
Q

Swallowing too much air can cause excess gas in the stomach and may result in

A

belching

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49
Q

The laryngopharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium and ciliated columnar epithelium.

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50
Q

commonly called the voicebox, is located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea

A

larynx

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51
Q

It has three main functions:

A

(1) maintains an open airway, (2) protects the airway during swallowing, and (3) produces the voice.

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52
Q

The larynx consists of nine cartilage structures

A

three singles and three paired.

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53
Q

connected to one another by muscles and ligaments

A

cartilage

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54
Q

The first single and largest cartilage is the

A

thyroid cartilage

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55
Q

The thyroid cartilage is attached superiorly to the

A

hyoid bone.

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56
Q

The second single and most inferior cartilage of the larynx is the

A

cricoid cartilage

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57
Q

which forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest.

A

cricoid cartilage

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58
Q

maintain an open passageway for air movement.

A

The thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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59
Q

The third single cartilage is the

A

epiglottis

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60
Q

It differs from the other cartilages in that it consists of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage.

A

epiglottis

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61
Q

protects the airway during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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62
Q

The three pairs of cartilages are on each side of the posterior part of the larynx

A

cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage

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63
Q

The top cartilage is the

A

cuneiform cartilage

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64
Q

the middle cartilage is

A

corniculate cartilage

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65
Q

the bottom cartilage is the

A

aryteniod cartilage

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66
Q

The paired cartilages form an attachment site for the

A

vocal folds

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67
Q

The larynx also houses the

A

vocal chords

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68
Q

There are two sets of ligaments that extend from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the paired cartilages.

A

The superior set of ligaments forms the vestibular folds, or false vocal cords, and the inferior set of ligaments composes the vocal folds, or true vocal cords

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69
Q

they prevent air from leaving the lungs, as when a person holds his or her breath. Along with the epiglottis,

A

vestibular folds

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70
Q

also prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx.

A

vestibular folds

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71
Q

are the primary source of voice production.

A

vocal folds

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72
Q

Air moving past the vocal folds causes them to vibrate, producing

A

sound

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73
Q

An inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal folds is called

A

laryngitis

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74
Q

Swelling of the vocal folds during laryngitis inhibits

A

voice production

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75
Q

windpipe, allows air to flow into the lungs.

A

trachea

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76
Q

It is a membranous tube attached to the larynx.

A

trachea

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77
Q

The adult trachea

A

1.4-1.6cm in diameter and about
10-11 cm long.

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78
Q

form the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea.

A

C-shaped cartilages

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79
Q

Contraction of the this smooth muscle can narrow the diameter of the trachea, which aids in the

A

cough reflex

80
Q

where the cough reflex is triggered.

A

medulla oblongata

81
Q

long-term irritation of the trachea by cigarette smoke can cause the tracheal epithelium to change to

A

stratified squamous epithelium.

82
Q

The accumulations of mucus provide a place for microorganisms to grow, resulting in

A

respiratory infections

83
Q

Constant irritation and inflammation of the respiratory passages stimulate the cough reflex, resulting in

A

smokers cough

84
Q

The trachea divides into the

A

left and right main bronchi or primary bronchi,

85
Q

The left main bronchus is more horizontal than the right main bronchus because

A

it is displaced by the heart

86
Q

extend from the trachea to the lungs.

A

main bronchi

87
Q

are the principal organs of respiration.

A

lungs

88
Q

with its base resting on the diaphragm and its apex extending superiorly to a point about

A

2.5 cm above the clavicle

89
Q

The right lung has three lobes

A

(1) the superior lobe, (2) the middle lobe, and (3) the inferior

90
Q

The left lung has two lobes, called

A

the superior lobe and the inferior lobe

91
Q

Each lobe is divided into

A

bronchopulmonary segments

92
Q

separated from one another by connective tissue

A

septa

93
Q

consists of the main bronchi and many branches

A

tracheobronchial tree

94
Q

Each main bronchus divides into

A

lobar bronchi (or secondary bronchi)

95
Q

The lobar bronchi in turn divide into

A

segmental bronchi (or tertiary bronchi)

96
Q

which lead to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs.

A

segmental bronchi

97
Q

The bronchi continue to branch many times, finally giving rise to

A

bronchioles

98
Q

bronchioles also subdivide numerous times to give rise to

A

terminal bronchioles

99
Q

terminal bronchioles, which then subdivide into

A

respiratory bronchioles

100
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole subdivides to form

A

alveolar ducts,

101
Q

long, branching ducts with many openings into

A

alveoli

102
Q

small air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.

A

alveoli

103
Q

are chambers connected to two or more alveoli.

A

alveolar sacs

104
Q

how many alveoli are in the lungs?

A

300 million

105
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle in the terminal bronchioles can result in greatly reduced airflow

A

asthma attack

106
Q

is where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place.

A

respiratory membrane

107
Q

is very thin; it is thinner than a sheet of tissue paper

A

respiratory membrane

108
Q

The lungs are contained within the

A

thoracic cavity

109
Q

each lung is surrounded by a separate

A

pleural cavity

110
Q

Each pleural cavity is lined with a serous membrane

A

pleura

111
Q

The pleura consists of

A

parietal and a visceral part.

112
Q

lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum.

A

parietal pleura

113
Q

covers the surface of the lungs.

A

visceral
pleura

114
Q

The pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral pleurae, is filled with a small volume of pleural fluid produced by the

A

pleura membranes

115
Q

The pleural fluid performs two functions:

A

(1) It acts as a lubricant, allowing the visceral and parietal pleurae to slide past each other as the lungs and thorax change shape during respiration, and (2) it helps hold the pleural membranes together.

116
Q

The lungs have two lymphatic supplies:

A

the superficial lymphatic vessels and the deep lymphatic vessels

117
Q

are deep to the visceral pleura. They drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.

A

superficial lymphatic vessels

118
Q

follow the bronchi. They drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues.

A

deep lymphatic vessel

119
Q

No lymphatic vessels are located in the

A

walls of the alveoli

120
Q

Both the superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lungs at the

A

main bronchi

121
Q

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation, or breathing,

122
Q

There are two phases of ventilation

A

Inspiration, or inhalation, and expiration or exhalation

123
Q

is the movement of air into the lungs;

A

inspiration or inhalation

124
Q

is the movement of air out of the lungs.

A

expiration or exhaltion

125
Q

Ventilation is regulated by changes in thoracic volume, which produce changes in

A

air pressure within the lungs

126
Q

Inhaling requires a set of muscles called the

A

muscles of inspiration

127
Q

is a large dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm

128
Q

Forceful exhalation requires a set of muscles called the

A

muscles of expiration

129
Q

occurs when the thoracic cavity volume decreases.

A

expiration

130
Q

there is a much greater increase in thoracic cavity volume.

A

labored breathing

131
Q

All the inspiratory muscles are active, and they contract more forcefully than during

A

quiet breathing

132
Q

which is the air pressure within the alveoli, is equal to atmospheric pressure,

A

alveolar pressure

133
Q

which is the air pressure outside the body.

A

atmospheric pressure

134
Q

No air moves into or out of the lungs because

A

alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal

135
Q

During quiet expiration, thoracic volume and lung volume decrease because of

A

lung recoil

136
Q

is due to the elastic properties of its tissues and because the alveolar fluid has surface tension.

A

lung recoil

137
Q

exists because the oppositely charged ends of water molecules are attracted to each other

A

surface tension

138
Q

As the water molecules pull together, they also pull on the alveolar walls, causing the alveoli to recoil and become

A

smaller

139
Q

Two factors keep the lungs from collapsing

A

(1) surfactant and
(2) pressure in the pleural cavity.

140
Q

is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium.

A

surfactant

141
Q

is caused by too little surfactant.

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

142
Q

also called hyaline membrane disease,

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

143
Q

the pressure in the pleural cavity, is less than alveolar pressure, the alveoli tend to expand.

A

pleural pressure

144
Q

Pleural pressure is lower than alveolar pressure because of a suction effect caused by fluid removal by

A

the lymphatic system and by lung recoil.

145
Q

is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system,

A

spirometry

146
Q

is the device that measures these respiratory volumes.

A

spirometer

147
Q

are measures of the amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation,

A

respiratory volumes

148
Q

The total volume of air contained in the respiratory system ranges

A

4-6L

149
Q

are sums of two or more respiratory volumes. The total volume of air contained in the respiratory system

A

respiratory capacities

150
Q

the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of about 500 milliliters (mL).

A

tidal volume

151
Q

the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume (about 3000 mL).

A

inspiratory reserve volume

152
Q

the amount of air that can be expired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume (about 1100 mL).

A

expiratory reserve volume

153
Q

the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration (about 1200 mL).

A

residual volume

154
Q

is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (about 2300 mL at rest).

A

functional residual capacity

155
Q

is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. This is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration (about 3500 mL at rest).

A

inspiratory capacity

156
Q

is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume. It is the maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (about 4600 mL).

A

vital capacity

157
Q

is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserves and the tidal and residual volumes (about 5800 mL). The total lung capacity is also equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

A

total lung capacity

158
Q

the vital capacity of adult females is usually

A

20-25% less than that of adult males.

159
Q

Well-trained athletes can have a vital capacity

A

30 40% above that of untrained people.

160
Q

the rate at which lung volume changes during direct measurement of the vital capacity.

A

forced expiratory vital capacity is

161
Q

records the volume of air expired per second.

A

spirometer

162
Q

The major area of gas exchange is in the

A

alveoli

163
Q

bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea. The volume of these passageways is therefore called

A

anatomical dead space

164
Q

The exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane is influenced by three factors:

A

(1) the thickness of the membrane,
(2) the total surface area of the respiratory membrane, and (3) the partial pressure of gases across the membrane.

165
Q

increases during certain respiratory diseases.

A

thickness of the respiratory membrane

166
Q

The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is about

A

70 square meters (m^2) in the normal adult

167
Q

Inflammation of bronchi impairs breathing, bronchitis can progress to emphysema

A

bronchitis

168
Q

Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchange; there is no cure; alone or with bronchitis, known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

emphysema

169
Q

Caused by damage to the respiratory membrane, amount of surfactant is reduced lessening gas exchange; develops after an injurious event

A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

170
Q

Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein; mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as the bronchioles; airflow is restricted, and infections are more likely

A

cystic fibrosis

171
Q

Occurs in the epithelium of the respiratory tract, can easily spread to other parts of the body because of the rich blood and lymphatic supply to the lungs

A

lung cancer

172
Q

Blood clot in lung blood vessels, inadequate blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, affecting respiratory
function

A

Thrombosis of the
pulmonary arteries

173
Q

Most frequent cause of death of infants between 2 weeks and I year of age; cause is still unknown, but at-risk babies
can be placed on monitors that warn if breathing stops

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

174
Q

Caused by streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes); characterized by inflammation of the pharynx and fever
Results from a viral infection

A

Strep throat
Common cold

175
Q

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tuberculosis, which forms small, lumplike lesions called tubercles

A

tuberculosis

176
Q

Many bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain; edema in the lungs reduces their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange

A

pneumonia

177
Q

Viral infection of the respiratory system; does not affect the digestive system, as is commonly misunderstood

A

flu

178
Q

is the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases, such as air.

A

partial pressure

179
Q

Hemoglobin with 0, bound to its heme groups is called

A

oxyhemoglobin

180
Q

CO2 is transported in three ways

A

(1) About 7% is transported as CO, dissolved in the plasma;
(2) 23% is transported bound to blood proteins, primarily hemo-globin; and (3) 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Carbon dioxide (CO,) reacts with water to form carbonic acid
(H,CO,), which then dissociates to form H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO, ):

181
Q

is located inside red blood cells and on the surface of capillary epithelial cells.

A

carbonic anhydrase

182
Q

The normal rate of breathing in adults is between

A

12 and 20 breaths per minute.

183
Q

In children, the rates are higher and may vary from

A

20 to 40 per minute.

184
Q

consists of two dorsal respiratory groups, and two ventral respiratory groups

A

medullary respiratory center

185
Q

each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal part of the medulla oblongata,

A

dorsal respiratory groups

186
Q

each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of the medulla oblongata

A

ventral respiratory group

187
Q

is now known to establish the basic rhythm of breathing.

A

pre-Bötzinger complex,

188
Q

is a collection of neurons in the pons

A

pontine respiratory group

189
Q

The neurons in the medullary respiratory center that promote inspiration are continuously active.

A

Starting inspiration.

190
Q

Once inspiration begins, more and more neurons are activated.

A

Increasing inspiration.

191
Q

. The neurons stimulating the muscles of respiration also stimulate the neurons in the medullary respiratory center that are responsible for stopping inspiration.

A

Stopping inspiration

192
Q

supports rhythmic respiratory movements by limiting the extent of inspiration

A

Hering-Breuer
reflex

193
Q

small increase in the CO2 level

A

hypercapnia

194
Q

are sensitive to small changes in H+ concentration.

A

chemoreceptors

195
Q

When blood O, levels decline to a low level

A

hypoxia

196
Q

At the onset of exercise, the rate of breathing immediately increases.

A

breathing increases abruptly

197
Q
A

AnaPhy Midterms (6 decks)

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