Chapter 15 : RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
provides the O2 needed in cellular respiration to make ATP from glucose.
A
BREATHING
2
Q
respiratory system has two divisions
A
the Upper respiratory tract and the Lower respiratory tract
3
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
nose, pharynx(throat), and the larynx
4
Q
lower respiratory tract
A
trachea, bronchi, and the lungs
5
Q
consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity.
A
nose
6
Q
visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
A
external nose
7
Q
Most of the external nose is composed of
A
hyaline cartilage
8
Q
the bridge of the external nose consists of
A
bone
9
Q
external openings of the nose
A
nares
10
Q
openings into the pharynx.
A
choanae
11
Q
extends from the nares to the choanae
A
nasal cavity
12
Q
a partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts
A
nasal septum
13
Q
occurs when the septum bulges to one side.
A
deviated nasal septum
14
Q
forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
A
hard palate
15
Q
are present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.
A
conchae
16
Q
increases the surface area of the nasal cavity and cause air to churn, so that it can be cleansed, humidified, and warmed.
A
conchae
17
Q
are air-filled spaces within bone.
A
paranasal sinuses
18
Q
They include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses, each named for the bones in which they are located. The paranasal sinuses open into the nasal cavity and are lined with a mucous membrane.
A
paranasal sinuses
19
Q
They reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.
A
paranasal sinuses
20
Q
inflammation of the mucous membrane of a sinus, especially one or more of the paranasal sinuses.
A
sinusitis
21
Q
can cause mucous membranes to become inflamed and swollen and to produce excess mucus. As a result, the sinus opening into the nasal cavity can be partially or completely blocked.
A
common cold
22
Q
Treatment of sinusitis
A
taking antibiotics, taking decongestants, and drinking fluids
23
Q
which carry tears from the eyes, also open into the nasal cavity.
A
nasolacrimal ducts
24
Q
Sensory receptors for the sense of smell are found in
A
superior part of the nasal cavity
25
The nasal cavity is lined with two different types of epithelial tissues.
stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
26
Just inside the nares, the lining of the cavity is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
27
The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
28
contains coarse hairs
stratified squamous epithelium
29
contains cilia and many mucus-producing goblet cells
pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells
30
dislodges foreign substances from the nasal cavity.
sneeze reflex
31
where the reflex is triggered.
medulla oblongata
32
is stimulated by exposure to bright light, such as the sun.
photic sneeze reflex
33
causes the pupils to constrict in response to bright light.
pupillary reflex
34
is the common passageway for both the respiratory and the digestive systems.
pharynx
35
The pharynx is divided into three regions
(1) the nasopharynx, (2) the oropharynx, and (3) the laryngopharynx
36
is the superior part of the pharynx.
nasopharynx
37
which is an incomplete muscle and connective tissue partition separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
soft palate
38
the posterior extension of the soft palate
uvula
39
The posterior part of the nasopharynx contains the
pharyngeal tonsil
40
helps defend the body against infection
pharyngeal tonsil
41
extends from the uvula to the epiglottis, and the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx.
oropharynx
42
The oropharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
43
Two sets of tonsils
the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil
44
located near the opening between the mouth and the oropharynx.
the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsil
45
are located in the lateral walls near the border of the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
the palatine tonsils
46
is located on the surface of the posterior part of the tongue.
the lingual tonsil
47
passes posterior to the larynx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus.
laryngopharynx
48
Swallowing too much air can cause excess gas in the stomach and may result in
belching
49
The laryngopharynx is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium and ciliated columnar epithelium.
50
commonly called the voicebox, is located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
larynx
51
It has three main functions:
(1) maintains an open airway, (2) protects the airway during swallowing, and (3) produces the voice.
52
The larynx consists of nine cartilage structures
three singles and three paired.
53
connected to one another by muscles and ligaments
cartilage
54
The first single and largest cartilage is the
thyroid cartilage
55
The thyroid cartilage is attached superiorly to the
hyoid bone.
56
The second single and most inferior cartilage of the larynx is the
cricoid cartilage
57
which forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest.
cricoid cartilage
58
maintain an open passageway for air movement.
The thyroid and cricoid cartilages
59
The third single cartilage is the
epiglottis
60
It differs from the other cartilages in that it consists of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage.
epiglottis
61
protects the airway during swallowing
epiglottis
62
The three pairs of cartilages are on each side of the posterior part of the larynx
cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage
63
The top cartilage is the
cuneiform cartilage
64
the middle cartilage is
corniculate cartilage
65
the bottom cartilage is the
aryteniod cartilage
66
The paired cartilages form an attachment site for the
vocal folds
67
The larynx also houses the
vocal chords
68
There are two sets of ligaments that extend from the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage to the paired cartilages.
The superior set of ligaments forms the vestibular folds, or false vocal cords, and the inferior set of ligaments composes the vocal folds, or true vocal cords
69
they prevent air from leaving the lungs, as when a person holds his or her breath. Along with the epiglottis,
vestibular folds
70
also prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx.
vestibular folds
71
are the primary source of voice production.
vocal folds
72
Air moving past the vocal folds causes them to vibrate, producing
sound
73
An inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal folds is called
laryngitis
74
Swelling of the vocal folds during laryngitis inhibits
voice production
75
windpipe, allows air to flow into the lungs.
trachea
76
It is a membranous tube attached to the larynx.
trachea
77
The adult trachea
1.4-1.6cm in diameter and about
10-11 cm long.
78
form the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea.
C-shaped cartilages
79
Contraction of the this smooth muscle can narrow the diameter of the trachea, which aids in the
cough reflex
80
where the cough reflex is triggered.
medulla oblongata
81
long-term irritation of the trachea by cigarette smoke can cause the tracheal epithelium to change to
stratified squamous epithelium.
82
The accumulations of mucus provide a place for microorganisms to grow, resulting in
respiratory infections
83
Constant irritation and inflammation of the respiratory passages stimulate the cough reflex, resulting in
smokers cough
84
The trachea divides into the
left and right main bronchi or primary bronchi,
85
The left main bronchus is more horizontal than the right main bronchus because
it is displaced by the heart
86
extend from the trachea to the lungs.
main bronchi
87
are the principal organs of respiration.
lungs
88
with its base resting on the diaphragm and its apex extending superiorly to a point about
2.5 cm above the clavicle
89
The right lung has three lobes
(1) the superior lobe, (2) the middle lobe, and (3) the inferior
90
The left lung has two lobes, called
the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
91
Each lobe is divided into
bronchopulmonary segments
92
separated from one another by connective tissue
septa
93
consists of the main bronchi and many branches
tracheobronchial tree
94
Each main bronchus divides into
lobar bronchi (or secondary bronchi)
95
The lobar bronchi in turn divide into
segmental bronchi (or tertiary bronchi)
96
which lead to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs.
segmental bronchi
97
The bronchi continue to branch many times, finally giving rise to
bronchioles
98
bronchioles also subdivide numerous times to give rise to
terminal bronchioles
99
terminal bronchioles, which then subdivide into
respiratory bronchioles
100
Each respiratory bronchiole subdivides to form
alveolar ducts,
101
long, branching ducts with many openings into
alveoli
102
small air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.
alveoli
103
are chambers connected to two or more alveoli.
alveolar sacs
104
how many alveoli are in the lungs?
300 million
105
contraction of the smooth muscle in the terminal bronchioles can result in greatly reduced airflow
asthma attack
106
is where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place.
respiratory membrane
107
is very thin; it is thinner than a sheet of tissue paper
respiratory membrane
108
The lungs are contained within the
thoracic cavity
109
each lung is surrounded by a separate
pleural cavity
110
Each pleural cavity is lined with a serous membrane
pleura
111
The pleura consists of
parietal and a visceral part.
112
lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
parietal pleura
113
covers the surface of the lungs.
visceral
pleura
114
The pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral pleurae, is filled with a small volume of pleural fluid produced by the
pleura membranes
115
The pleural fluid performs two functions:
(1) It acts as a lubricant, allowing the visceral and parietal pleurae to slide past each other as the lungs and thorax change shape during respiration, and (2) it helps hold the pleural membranes together.
116
The lungs have two lymphatic supplies:
the superficial lymphatic vessels and the deep lymphatic vessels
117
are deep to the visceral pleura. They drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.
superficial lymphatic vessels
118
follow the bronchi. They drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues.
deep lymphatic vessel
119
No lymphatic vessels are located in the
walls of the alveoli
120
Both the superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lungs at the
main bronchi
121
the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Ventilation, or breathing,
122
There are two phases of ventilation
Inspiration, or inhalation, and expiration or exhalation
123
is the movement of air into the lungs;
inspiration or inhalation
124
is the movement of air out of the lungs.
expiration or exhaltion
125
Ventilation is regulated by changes in thoracic volume, which produce changes in
air pressure within the lungs
126
Inhaling requires a set of muscles called the
muscles of inspiration
127
is a large dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
128
Forceful exhalation requires a set of muscles called the
muscles of expiration
129
occurs when the thoracic cavity volume decreases.
expiration
130
there is a much greater increase in thoracic cavity volume.
labored breathing
131
All the inspiratory muscles are active, and they contract more forcefully than during
quiet breathing
132
which is the air pressure within the alveoli, is equal to atmospheric pressure,
alveolar pressure
133
which is the air pressure outside the body.
atmospheric pressure
134
No air moves into or out of the lungs because
alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal
135
During quiet expiration, thoracic volume and lung volume decrease because of
lung recoil
136
is due to the elastic properties of its tissues and because the alveolar fluid has surface tension.
lung recoil
137
exists because the oppositely charged ends of water molecules are attracted to each other
surface tension
138
As the water molecules pull together, they also pull on the alveolar walls, causing the alveoli to recoil and become
smaller
139
Two factors keep the lungs from collapsing
(1) surfactant and
(2) pressure in the pleural cavity.
140
is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium.
surfactant
141
is caused by too little surfactant.
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
142
also called hyaline membrane disease,
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
143
the pressure in the pleural cavity, is less than alveolar pressure, the alveoli tend to expand.
pleural pressure
144
Pleural pressure is lower than alveolar pressure because of a suction effect caused by fluid removal by
the lymphatic system and by lung recoil.
145
is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system,
spirometry
146
is the device that measures these respiratory volumes.
spirometer
147
are measures of the amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation,
respiratory volumes
148
The total volume of air contained in the respiratory system ranges
4-6L
149
are sums of two or more respiratory volumes. The total volume of air contained in the respiratory system
respiratory capacities
150
the volume of air inspired or expired with each breath. At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of about 500 milliliters (mL).
tidal volume
151
the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume (about 3000 mL).
inspiratory reserve volume
152
the amount of air that can be expired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume (about 1100 mL).
expiratory reserve volume
153
the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration (about 1200 mL).
residual volume
154
is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (about 2300 mL at rest).
functional residual capacity
155
is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. This is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration (about 3500 mL at rest).
inspiratory capacity
156
is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume. It is the maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (about 4600 mL).
vital capacity
157
is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserves and the tidal and residual volumes (about 5800 mL). The total lung capacity is also equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.
total lung capacity
158
the vital capacity of adult females is usually
20-25% less than that of adult males.
159
Well-trained athletes can have a vital capacity
30 40% above that of untrained people.
160
the rate at which lung volume changes during direct measurement of the vital capacity.
forced expiratory vital capacity is
161
records the volume of air expired per second.
spirometer
162
The major area of gas exchange is in the
alveoli
163
bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea. The volume of these passageways is therefore called
anatomical dead space
164
The exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane is influenced by three factors:
(1) the thickness of the membrane,
(2) the total surface area of the respiratory membrane, and (3) the partial pressure of gases across the membrane.
165
increases during certain respiratory diseases.
thickness of the respiratory membrane
166
The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is about
70 square meters (m^2) in the normal adult
167
Inflammation of bronchi impairs breathing, bronchitis can progress to emphysema
bronchitis
168
Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchange; there is no cure; alone or with bronchitis, known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
emphysema
169
Caused by damage to the respiratory membrane, amount of surfactant is reduced lessening gas exchange; develops after an injurious event
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
170
Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein; mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as the bronchioles; airflow is restricted, and infections are more likely
cystic fibrosis
171
Occurs in the epithelium of the respiratory tract, can easily spread to other parts of the body because of the rich blood and lymphatic supply to the lungs
lung cancer
172
Blood clot in lung blood vessels, inadequate blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries, affecting respiratory
function
Thrombosis of the
pulmonary arteries
173
Most frequent cause of death of infants between 2 weeks and I year of age; cause is still unknown, but at-risk babies
can be placed on monitors that warn if breathing stops
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
174
Caused by streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes); characterized by inflammation of the pharynx and fever
Results from a viral infection
Strep throat
Common cold
175
Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tuberculosis, which forms small, lumplike lesions called tubercles
tuberculosis
176
Many bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain; edema in the lungs reduces their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange
pneumonia
177
Viral infection of the respiratory system; does not affect the digestive system, as is commonly misunderstood
flu
178
is the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases, such as air.
partial pressure
179
Hemoglobin with 0, bound to its heme groups is called
oxyhemoglobin
180
CO2 is transported in three ways
(1) About 7% is transported as CO, dissolved in the plasma;
(2) 23% is transported bound to blood proteins, primarily hemo-globin; and (3) 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Carbon dioxide (CO,) reacts with water to form carbonic acid
(H,CO,), which then dissociates to form H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO, ):
181
is located inside red blood cells and on the surface of capillary epithelial cells.
carbonic anhydrase
182
The normal rate of breathing in adults is between
12 and 20 breaths per minute.
183
In children, the rates are higher and may vary from
20 to 40 per minute.
184
consists of two dorsal respiratory groups, and two ventral respiratory groups
medullary respiratory center
185
each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal part of the medulla oblongata,
dorsal respiratory groups
186
each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of the medulla oblongata
ventral respiratory group
187
is now known to establish the basic rhythm of breathing.
pre-Bötzinger complex,
188
is a collection of neurons in the pons
pontine respiratory group
189
The neurons in the medullary respiratory center that promote inspiration are continuously active.
Starting inspiration.
190
Once inspiration begins, more and more neurons are activated.
Increasing inspiration.
191
. The neurons stimulating the muscles of respiration also stimulate the neurons in the medullary respiratory center that are responsible for stopping inspiration.
Stopping inspiration
192
supports rhythmic respiratory movements by limiting the extent of inspiration
Hering-Breuer
reflex
193
small increase in the CO2 level
hypercapnia
194
are sensitive to small changes in H+ concentration.
chemoreceptors
195
When blood O, levels decline to a low level
hypoxia
196
At the onset of exercise, the rate of breathing immediately increases.
breathing increases abruptly
197
