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AnaPhy Midterms > Chapter 11 : BLOOD > Flashcards

Chapter 11 : BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What do you call the liquid matrix in blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

What do you call the cells and self fragments in blood

A

Formed elements

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4
Q

Total blood volume of plasma

A

55%

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5
Q

Total blood volume of formed elements

A

45%

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6
Q

Total blood volume of an average adult female

A

4-5 L

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7
Q

Total blood volume of average adult male

A

5-6 L

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8
Q

Blood makes up about how many percent of total body weight

A

8%

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9
Q

A pale yellow fluid that contains dissolved proteins

A

Plasma

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10
Q

It consists of __% water, __ proteins, and __% other components

A

91% water 7% proteins and 2% other components

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11
Q

Examples of other components in plasma

A

Ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances

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12
Q

Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components

A

Water

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13
Q

Maintain osmotic pressure, destroy foreign substances, transport molecules, and form clots

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Maintain osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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15
Q

Destroy foreign substances

A

Antibodies and complement

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16
Q

Transport molecules

A

Albumin and globulins

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17
Q

Form clots

A

Fibrinogen

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18
Q

Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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19
Q

Account for 38% of the plasma proteins

A

Globulins

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20
Q

Clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins

A

Fibrinogen

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21
Q

Activation of clotting factors results in the conversion of fibrinogen to

A

Fibrin

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22
Q

A plasma without the clotting factors

A

Serum

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23
Q

Involved in osmotic pressure , membrane potentials, and acid base balance

A

Ions

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24
Q

Involved in osmotic pressure

A

Na+ and Cl-

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25
Q

Membrane potentials

A

Na+ and K+

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26
Q

Acid-base balance

A

Hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions

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27
Q

Source of energy and building blocks of more complex molecules

A

Nutrients

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28
Q

Example of nutrients

A

Glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides

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29
Q

Involved in aerobic respiration

A

Gases

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30
Q

Break down products of protein metabolism and red blood cells

A

Waste products

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31
Q

Products of protein metabolism

A

Urea and ammonia salts

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32
Q

Red blood cells waste product

A

Bilirubin

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33
Q

Catalyzed chemical reactions and stimulate or inhibit many body functions

A

Regulatory substances

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34
Q

Catalyze chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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35
Q

Stimulate or inhibit many body functions

A

Hormones

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36
Q

What are the three formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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37
Q

Other term for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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38
Q

Other term for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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39
Q

Other term for platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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40
Q

Most abundant of the formed elements

A

Red blood cells

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41
Q

It constitutes nearly how many percent of all the formed elements

A

Red blood cells

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42
Q

A process that produces formed elements

A

Hematopoiesis

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43
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues including

A

Liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

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44
Q

All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called

A

Stem cells

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45
Q

Other term for stem cells

A

Hemocytoblast

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46
Q

Gives rise to different cell lines

A

Stem cells

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47
Q

Shape of red blood cells

A

Disk-shaped or biconcave shape

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48
Q

Red blood cells live for about how many days in males and how many days in females

A

120 days in males and 110 days in females

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49
Q

1/3 of a red blood cells volume is pigmented protein called blank which is responsible for the cells red color

A

Hemoglobin

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50
Q

Does red blood cell contain nucleus or not

A

No nucleus

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51
Q

Size of red blood cell

A

6.5 to 8.5 um in diameter

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52
Q

Function of red blood cell

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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53
Q

Each protein chain called a _____ is bound to one _____, a red pigmented molecule

A

Globin and one heme

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54
Q

A red pigmented molecule that contains one iron atom which is necessary for the normal function of the hemoglobin

A

Heme

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55
Q

What type of enzyme is found primarily inside red blood cells that catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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56
Q

Chemical formula of carbonic anhydrase

A

Co2 + H2O <–> H+ + HCO3-

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57
Q

What do stem cells form which give rise to the red blood cell line

A

Proerythroblast

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58
Q

A glycoprotein that Stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin

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59
Q

When red blood cells become old abnormal or damaged they are removed from the blood by _____ located in the spleen and liver

A

Macrophages

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60
Q

A yellow pigment molecule

A

Bilirubin

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61
Q

When bilirubin can be deposited into other tissues it results in a condition called _____, a yellowish color to the skin

A

Jaundice

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62
Q

Spherical cells with a nucleus

A

White blood cells

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63
Q

Five types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil

64
Q

Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thin filaments. Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

A

Neutrophil

65
Q

Nucleus with two indistinct lobes that releases histamine and heparin

A

Basophil

66
Q

Promotes inflammation

A

Histamine

67
Q

Prevents clot formation

A

Heparin

68
Q

Often bilobed that participates in inflammatory response of allergic reactions and asthma; attacks certain worm parasites

A

Eosinophil

69
Q

Round nucleus that produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions; graft rejection; tumor control; and regulation of immune system

A

Lymphocyte

70
Q

Nucleus round kidney shape or horseshoe shape. Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells cell fragments, and other debris within tissues

A

Monocyte

71
Q

When the components of blood are separated from one another white blood cells as well as platelets make up the ______.

A

Buffy coat

72
Q

A thin white layer of cells between plasma and red blood cells

A

Buffy coat

73
Q

Blood white blood cells can leave the blood and travel by _____ _______ through the tissues

A

Ameboid movement

74
Q

Two functions of white blood cells

A
  1. To protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens
  2. Remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
75
Q

White blood cells containing large cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

76
Q

White blood cells with very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the light microscope

A

Agranulocytes

77
Q

Dead neutrophils, cell debris and fluid can accumulate as ___ at sites of infections

A

Pus

78
Q

Usually remain in the blood for a short time move into other tissues and phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substances

A

Neutrophils

79
Q

Release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation and prevent formation of clots

A

Basophils

80
Q

Involved in inflammatory responses associated with allergies and asthma and destroying certain worm parasites

A

Eosinophils

81
Q

Smallest of the white blood cells that produces antibodies and other chemicals

A

Lymphocytes

82
Q

Largest of the white blood cells that phagocytize bacteria dead cells cell fragments and any other debris within the tissue

A

Monocyte

83
Q

After monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues they enlarge and become

A

Macrophages

84
Q

Can break down phagocytized foreign substances and present the process substances to lymphocytes causing activation of the lymphocytes

A

Macrophages

85
Q

Cell fragment surrounded by a plasma membrane and containing granules

A

Platelet

86
Q

Forms platelet plugs and releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting

A

Platelet

87
Q

Minute fragments of cells each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane

A

Platelet

88
Q

Platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called

A

Megacaryocytes

89
Q

When a blood vessel is damaged loss of blood is minimized by three processes

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting
90
Q

An accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel

A

Platelet plug

91
Q

When platelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage

A

Platelet adhesion

92
Q

A protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells

A

von Willebrand factor

93
Q

Forms forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen

A

von Willebrand factor

94
Q

Platelets release chemicals such as adp and thromboxane which bind to their respective receptors on the surfaces of other platelets activating the platelets

A

Platelet release reaction

95
Q

A splitlets become activated they express surface receptors called

A

Fibrinogen receptors

96
Q

A receptor that can bind to fibrinogen, a plasma protein

A

Fibrinogen receptors

97
Q

Fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets resulting in a platelet plug

A

Platelet aggregation

98
Q

An immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts

A

Vascular spasm

99
Q

It is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel walls and by platelets

A

Vascular spasm

100
Q

platelets release____ which are derived from certain prostaglandins

A

Thromboxanes

101
Q

Endothelial cells lining blood vessels release the peptide ____

A

Endothelin

102
Q

When a blood vessel is severely damaged it is called ___ that results in the formation of a cloth

A

Blood clotting

103
Q

Other term for blood clotting

A

Coagulation

104
Q

Is a network of thread like protein fibers that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid

A

Clot

105
Q

A thread like protein fibers

A

Fibrin

106
Q

The formation of blood clot depends on a number of proteins found within plasma called

A

Clotting factors

107
Q

Chemicals such as ______ are released from injured tissues causing activation of clotting factors

A

Thromboplastin

108
Q

After initial clotting factors are activated they intern activate other clotting factors a series of reactions results in which each clotting factor activates the next until the clotting factor ________ is formed

A

Prothrombinase

109
Q

Other term for prothrombinase

A

Prothrombin activator

110
Q

Prothrombinase converts an inactive clothing factor called ______ to its active form ______

A

inactive- prothrombin

active- tbrombin

111
Q

Thrombin converts the plasma protein fibrinogen into

A

Fibrin

112
Q

Prevent clotting factors from forming clothes under normal conditions

A

Anticoagulants

113
Q

Two examples of inactive thrombin

A

Antithrombin and Heparin

114
Q

When platelets encounter damage or diseased areas of blood vessels or heart walls an attached clot called ______ can form

A

thrombus

115
Q

A thrombus that break loose and begins to flow through the circulation is called an

A

Embolus

116
Q

After a clot has formed it it begins to condense into a more compact structure through a process known as

A

Clot retraction

117
Q

Platelets contain the contractile proteins

A

Actin and myosin

118
Q

As the damage tissue is repaired clots are dissolved by a process called

A

Fibrinolysis

119
Q

An inactive plasma protein called _____ is converted to its active form _____

A

inactive - plasminogen

active - plasmin

120
Q

It is released from surrounding tissues that can stimulate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

A

Tissue plasminogen activator or t-PA

121
Q

A bacterial enzyme and t-PA produced through genetic engineering have been used successfully to dissolve clots

A

Streptokinase

122
Q

A transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

Transfusion

123
Q

The introduction of a fluid other than blood such as a saline or glucose solution into the blood

A

Infusion

124
Q

What do you call the result of unsuccessful transfusion of blood

A

Transfusion reactions

125
Q

Characterized by clamping or rupture of blood vessels and clotting within blood vessels

A

Transfusion reactions

126
Q

Clumping of cells

A

Agglutination

127
Q

The surface of red blood cells have molecules called

A

Antigens

128
Q

The plasma include proteins

A

Antibodies

129
Q

The combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause ____

A

Hemolysis

130
Q

A rupture of the red blood cells

A

Hemolysis

131
Q

The antigens on the surface of red blood cells have been categorized into

A

Blood groups

132
Q

Two blood groups that are most important when discussing transfusion reactions

A

ABO and Rh blood groups

133
Q

Used to categorized human blood

A

ABO blood group.

134
Q

peopel are Rh-(pos or neg) if they have Rh antigens

A

Rh-positive

135
Q

Rh meaning

A

rhesus monkey

136
Q

Other term for HDN

A
136
Q

What disorder can occur when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

137
Q

Other term for HDN

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

138
Q

Determines the abo and rh blood groups of a blood sample

A

Blood typing

139
Q

When the donors blood cells are mixed with the recipient serum and the donor serum is mixed with the recipient cells

A

Cross match

140
Q

Is an analysis of blood that provides much useful information

A

Complete blood count or cbc

141
Q

Normal red blood count for male

A

4.6 to 6.2 million rbc per microliter

142
Q

Normal rbc count for female

A

4.2 to 5.4 million per microlitter

143
Q

An over abundance of red blood cells leading to increase blood viscosity

A

Erythrocytosis

144
Q

Either a reduced number of red blood cells or a reduced amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell

A

Anemia

145
Q

The percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

146
Q

Measures the total number of white blood cells in the blood normally 5,000 to 9,000 blood cells per microl blood

A

White blood count

147
Q

A lower than normal wbc resulting from decrease production or destruction of the red marrow

A

Leukopenia

148
Q

Abnormally high wbc

A

Leukocytosis

149
Q

Cancer of the red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of the white blood cell types

A

Leukemia

150
Q

Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells

A

Differential white blood count

151
Q

Two common ways to measure the blood’s ability to clot

A

Platelet count and prothrombin time measurement

152
Q

Normal platelet count

A

250,000 to 400,000 platelets per microl

153
Q

A condition when the platelet count is greatly reduced resulting in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries

A

Thrombocytopenia

154
Q

Calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting which is normally 9 to 12 seconds

A

Prothrombin time measurement

AnaPhy Midterms (6 decks)

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