Chapter 11 : BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
What type of tissue is blood
A
Connective tissue
2
Q
What do you call the liquid matrix in blood
A
Plasma
3
Q
What do you call the cells and self fragments in blood
A
Formed elements
4
Q
Total blood volume of plasma
A
55%
5
Q
Total blood volume of formed elements
A
45%
6
Q
Total blood volume of an average adult female
A
4-5 L
7
Q
Total blood volume of average adult male
A
5-6 L
8
Q
Blood makes up about how many percent of total body weight
A
8%
9
Q
A pale yellow fluid that contains dissolved proteins
A
Plasma
10
Q
It consists of __% water, __ proteins, and __% other components
A
91% water 7% proteins and 2% other components
11
Q
Examples of other components in plasma
A
Ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
12
Q
Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
A
Water
13
Q
Maintain osmotic pressure, destroy foreign substances, transport molecules, and form clots
A
Proteins
14
Q
Maintain osmotic pressure
A
Albumin
15
Q
Destroy foreign substances
A
Antibodies and complement
16
Q
Transport molecules
A
Albumin and globulins
17
Q
Form clots
A
Fibrinogen
18
Q
Makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
A
Albumin
19
Q
Account for 38% of the plasma proteins
A
Globulins
20
Q
Clotting factor that constitutes 4% of plasma proteins
A
Fibrinogen
21
Q
Activation of clotting factors results in the conversion of fibrinogen to
A
Fibrin
22
Q
A plasma without the clotting factors
A
Serum
23
Q
Involved in osmotic pressure , membrane potentials, and acid base balance
A
Ions
24
Q
Involved in osmotic pressure
A
Na+ and Cl-
25
Membrane potentials
Na+ and K+
26
Acid-base balance
Hydrogen, hydroxide, and bicarbonate ions
27
Source of energy and building blocks of more complex molecules
Nutrients
28
Example of nutrients
Glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides
29
Involved in aerobic respiration
Gases
30
Break down products of protein metabolism and red blood cells
Waste products
31
Products of protein metabolism
Urea and ammonia salts
32
Red blood cells waste product
Bilirubin
33
Catalyzed chemical reactions and stimulate or inhibit many body functions
Regulatory substances
34
Catalyze chemical reactions
Enzymes
35
Stimulate or inhibit many body functions
Hormones
36
What are the three formed elements
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
37
Other term for red blood cells
Erythrocytes
38
Other term for white blood cells
Leukocytes
39
Other term for platelets
Thrombocytes
40
Most abundant of the formed elements
Red blood cells
41
It constitutes nearly how many percent of all the formed elements
Red blood cells
42
A process that produces formed elements
Hematopoiesis
43
Hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues including
Liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
44
All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called
Stem cells
45
Other term for stem cells
Hemocytoblast
46
Gives rise to different cell lines
Stem cells
47
Shape of red blood cells
Disk-shaped or biconcave shape
48
Red blood cells live for about how many days in males and how many days in females
120 days in males and 110 days in females
49
1/3 of a red blood cells volume is pigmented protein called blank which is responsible for the cells red color
Hemoglobin
50
Does red blood cell contain nucleus or not
No nucleus
51
Size of red blood cell
6.5 to 8.5 um in diameter
52
Function of red blood cell
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
53
Each protein chain called a _____ is bound to one _____, a red pigmented molecule
Globin and one heme
54
A red pigmented molecule that contains one iron atom which is necessary for the normal function of the hemoglobin
Heme
55
What type of enzyme is found primarily inside red blood cells that catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion
Carbonic anhydrase
56
Chemical formula of carbonic anhydrase
Co2 + H2O <--> H+ + HCO3-
57
What do stem cells form which give rise to the red blood cell line
Proerythroblast
58
A glycoprotein that Stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
Erythropoietin
59
When red blood cells become old abnormal or damaged they are removed from the blood by _____ located in the spleen and liver
Macrophages
60
A yellow pigment molecule
Bilirubin
61
When bilirubin can be deposited into other tissues it results in a condition called _____, a yellowish color to the skin
Jaundice
62
Spherical cells with a nucleus
White blood cells
63
Five types of white blood cells
Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil
64
Nucleus with two to four lobes connected by thin filaments. Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances
Neutrophil
65
Nucleus with two indistinct lobes that releases histamine and heparin
Basophil
66
Promotes inflammation
Histamine
67
Prevents clot formation
Heparin
68
Often bilobed that participates in inflammatory response of allergic reactions and asthma; attacks certain worm parasites
Eosinophil
69
Round nucleus that produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions; graft rejection; tumor control; and regulation of immune system
Lymphocyte
70
Nucleus round kidney shape or horseshoe shape. Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells cell fragments, and other debris within tissues
Monocyte
71
When the components of blood are separated from one another white blood cells as well as platelets make up the ______.
Buffy coat
72
A thin white layer of cells between plasma and red blood cells
Buffy coat
73
Blood white blood cells can leave the blood and travel by _____ _______ through the tissues
Ameboid movement
74
Two functions of white blood cells
1. To protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens
2. Remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
75
White blood cells containing large cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes
76
White blood cells with very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the light microscope
Agranulocytes
77
Dead neutrophils, cell debris and fluid can accumulate as ___ at sites of infections
Pus
78
Usually remain in the blood for a short time move into other tissues and phagocytize microorganisms and other foreign substances
Neutrophils
79
Release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation and prevent formation of clots
Basophils
80
Involved in inflammatory responses associated with allergies and asthma and destroying certain worm parasites
Eosinophils
81
Smallest of the white blood cells that produces antibodies and other chemicals
Lymphocytes
82
Largest of the white blood cells that phagocytize bacteria dead cells cell fragments and any other debris within the tissue
Monocyte
83
After monocytes leave the blood and enter tissues they enlarge and become
Macrophages
84
Can break down phagocytized foreign substances and present the process substances to lymphocytes causing activation of the lymphocytes
Macrophages
85
Cell fragment surrounded by a plasma membrane and containing granules
Platelet
86
Forms platelet plugs and releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting
Platelet
87
Minute fragments of cells each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane
Platelet
88
Platelets are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called
Megacaryocytes
89
When a blood vessel is damaged loss of blood is minimized by three processes
1. Vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. blood clotting
90
An accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel
Platelet plug
91
When platelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage
Platelet adhesion
92
A protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells
von Willebrand factor
93
Forms forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen
von Willebrand factor
94
Platelets release chemicals such as adp and thromboxane which bind to their respective receptors on the surfaces of other platelets activating the platelets
Platelet release reaction
95
A splitlets become activated they express surface receptors called
Fibrinogen receptors
96
A receptor that can bind to fibrinogen, a plasma protein
Fibrinogen receptors
97
Fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets resulting in a platelet plug
Platelet aggregation
98
An immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts
Vascular spasm
99
It is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel walls and by platelets
Vascular spasm
100
platelets release____ which are derived from certain prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
101
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels release the peptide ____
Endothelin
102
When a blood vessel is severely damaged it is called ___ that results in the formation of a cloth
Blood clotting
103
Other term for blood clotting
Coagulation
104
Is a network of thread like protein fibers that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid
Clot
105
A thread like protein fibers
Fibrin
106
The formation of blood clot depends on a number of proteins found within plasma called
Clotting factors
107
Chemicals such as ______ are released from injured tissues causing activation of clotting factors
Thromboplastin
108
After initial clotting factors are activated they intern activate other clotting factors a series of reactions results in which each clotting factor activates the next until the clotting factor ________ is formed
Prothrombinase
109
Other term for prothrombinase
Prothrombin activator
110
Prothrombinase converts an inactive clothing factor called ______ to its active form ______
inactive- prothrombin
active- tbrombin
111
Thrombin converts the plasma protein fibrinogen into
Fibrin
112
Prevent clotting factors from forming clothes under normal conditions
Anticoagulants
113
Two examples of inactive thrombin
Antithrombin and Heparin
114
When platelets encounter damage or diseased areas of blood vessels or heart walls an attached clot called ______ can form
thrombus
115
A thrombus that break loose and begins to flow through the circulation is called an
Embolus
116
After a clot has formed it it begins to condense into a more compact structure through a process known as
Clot retraction
117
Platelets contain the contractile proteins
Actin and myosin
118
As the damage tissue is repaired clots are dissolved by a process called
Fibrinolysis
119
An inactive plasma protein called _____ is converted to its active form _____
inactive - plasminogen
active - plasmin
120
It is released from surrounding tissues that can stimulate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Tissue plasminogen activator or t-PA
121
A bacterial enzyme and t-PA produced through genetic engineering have been used successfully to dissolve clots
Streptokinase
122
A transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
Transfusion
123
The introduction of a fluid other than blood such as a saline or glucose solution into the blood
Infusion
124
What do you call the result of unsuccessful transfusion of blood
Transfusion reactions
125
Characterized by clamping or rupture of blood vessels and clotting within blood vessels
Transfusion reactions
126
Clumping of cells
Agglutination
127
The surface of red blood cells have molecules called
Antigens
128
The plasma include proteins
Antibodies
129
The combination of the antibodies with the antigens can also initiate reactions that cause ____
Hemolysis
130
A rupture of the red blood cells
Hemolysis
131
The antigens on the surface of red blood cells have been categorized into
Blood groups
132
Two blood groups that are most important when discussing transfusion reactions
ABO and Rh blood groups
133
Used to categorized human blood
ABO blood group.
134
peopel are Rh-(pos or neg) if they have Rh antigens
Rh-positive
135
Rh meaning
rhesus monkey
136
Other term for HDN
136
What disorder can occur when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
137
Other term for HDN
Erythroblastosis fetalis
138
Determines the abo and rh blood groups of a blood sample
Blood typing
139
When the donors blood cells are mixed with the recipient serum and the donor serum is mixed with the recipient cells
Cross match
140
Is an analysis of blood that provides much useful information
Complete blood count or cbc
141
Normal red blood count for male
4.6 to 6.2 million rbc per microliter
142
Normal rbc count for female
4.2 to 5.4 million per microlitter
143
An over abundance of red blood cells leading to increase blood viscosity
Erythrocytosis
144
Either a reduced number of red blood cells or a reduced amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell
Anemia
145
The percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells
Hematocrit
146
Measures the total number of white blood cells in the blood normally 5,000 to 9,000 blood cells per microl blood
White blood count
147
A lower than normal wbc resulting from decrease production or destruction of the red marrow
Leukopenia
148
Abnormally high wbc
Leukocytosis
149
Cancer of the red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of the white blood cell types
Leukemia
150
Determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells
Differential white blood count
151
Two common ways to measure the blood's ability to clot
Platelet count and prothrombin time measurement
152
Normal platelet count
250,000 to 400,000 platelets per microl
153
A condition when the platelet count is greatly reduced resulting in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries
Thrombocytopenia
154
Calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting which is normally 9 to 12 seconds
Prothrombin time measurement
