Chapter 15 - Radical Reformers, Counter-Reformation, and Wars of Religion. Flashcards
What was a High Church view of Christianity?
A view that maintained the similarity of liturgy and worship style as the Medieval or Catholic Church.
Who held the High Church view?
Reforms such as Luther and Calvin.
Who were the Anabaptists?
People who wanted a simpler church stripped bare of the trappings of centuries of bureaucracy and tradition.
Where did the Anabaptists get their name?
From their belief that infant baptism was wrong and that baptism should only be taken by adults who could Christ as their personal savior.
What did the Anabaptists believe about the High Church view?
That it was still too Catholic when it came to much of its organization, worship, and liturgy.
What did the Anabaptists believe about the role of the Church in the State?
That the Church should not intermix with the State. The state should not have a role in enforcing the Church’s standards and did not think the State had a right to persecute those whose beliefs ran counter to the church.
What did the Anabaptists believe about faith and works?
That faith should be reflected in their works.
What are the three main branches of the Anabaptists?
1) Pacifistic Anabaptism
2) Personal & Contemplatieve Anabaptism.
3) Revolutionary Anabaptism.
Who were two prominent figures in Pacifistic Anabaptism?
Jacob Hutter and Menno Simons.
What did Revolutionary Anabaptism believe?
They believed that they had been called by God to purify the Church and prepare the world or even spark the end of days.
What are the Anabaptists often called?
Radical Reformers.
How did the Anabaptists conceive of the Christian life?
In radically individualistic terms.
What were some of the peculiar beliefs of the Anabaptists?
1) Believer’s Baptism
2) Common Ownership of Property (No Private Property)
3) Total Separation of Church and State
Why were the Anabaptists persecuted by the Protestant Reformers?
Because the rejection of the State’s involvement in the Church was seen as a recipe for chaos. (NOT BECAUSE OF BELIEVER’S BAPTISM.)
What two unlikely forces both opposed the Anabaptists?
Protestants and Catholics.
What are the three supposed origins of the modern Baptist denomination?
1) Developed from the English Separatist movement and English Puritans.
2) The Anabaptists.
3) They existed from the Birth of Christianity. (Spurgeon)
In what nation did Anabaptism find fertile ground?
Germany.
What was an example of the revolutionary ends some Anabaptists used?
The Anabaptist declared Munster a New Jerusalem, invaded the city, caused its inhabitants to flee, and established a theocracy that became oppressive and declared the end of the world.
What happened in response?
The exiled Bishop of Munster led forces to reclaim the city and slaughter the inhabitants and the leadership.
What took place during the Council of Trent?
A Catholic/Counter-Reformation that addressed many of the problems reformers such as Luther pointed out in the RCC.
Where was Protestantism firmly established by the mid-1500s?
Parts of Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, France, England, and the Netherlands.
Who were the frontline soldiers of the Counter-Reformation?
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
What was the Jesuits three pronged strategy?
1) They established highly disciplined schools to thoroughly educated young people in Roman Catholicism.
2) They engaged in evangelism. (China, Japan, and Americas).
3) They reclaimed land for the Roman Catholic Church in areas such as Poland.
What hardline conservative pope used an Inquisition to stop Protestant sympathizers?
Pope Paul IV.
What Pope created the Index of Forbidden Books?
Pope Paul IV.
What was the Index of Forbidden Books?
A list of books Catholics were not allowed to read. (Contained Luther and Erasmus.)
What initiated the Roman Catholic Church’s official response to the Reformation?
The Council of Trent.
What did the Council of Trent do?
It imposed reforms on the conduct of clergy and ecclesiastical discipline in an attempt to weed out insincerity.
List the reforms the Council of Trent implemented?
1) Established Theological Seminaries to end priests’ illiteracy and combat Protestantism.
2) The crass selling of indulgences was prohibited though their efficacy was affirmed.
What did the Council of Trent not do?
It did not accept a more Protestant understanding of salvation. It affirmed the RCC teaching of justification by faith supplemented by works.
What happened to European Unity after the Reformation?
The shared identity of all people in the pope was one.
What were the consequences of the religious disunity?
It would feel and legitimize national rivalry and competition which promoted innovation and creativity.
What promoted the process of nationalism that emerged post-Reformation?
The diminishing role of the Pope in European politics.
What would become the new center of cooperation among European nations?
Commerce and profits.
How do Roman Catholics view the Middle Ages?
A thousand year history of Christian ascendency. They point to great triumphs of faith such as converting all of Europe and great works written by Monks. The Church, despite some flaws, kept Christianity at the center of the medieval worldview.
How do Protestants tend to view the Middle Ages?
A regrettable fall from grace when the true Gospel was lost through a millennium of error. They point to doctrinal corruption, idolatry, superstition, and the sale of church offices. The Reformation is seen as rescuing the Church from heresy.
What can Catholics and Protestant agree upon about the Middle Ages way of thought?
1) They accepted the idea that the supernatural is natural. (God was an active part of the world which prompted them to pray frequently. They understood the spiritual nature of the world.)
2) They understood that pain, suffering, death, and hardship were a part of life. (They had security that God was in control of all things.)
3) The Medieval church was not slack when it came to evangelism. (No one was beyond Christianity. #theVikingVicars)
How many cities had a population of over 100,000 in the Late Middle Ages?
1) Constantinople.
2) Paris
3) Cordoba, Spain.
4) . Naples
5) Venice
6) Milan
7) Genoa.
What was the most important Italian city-state?
Venice.
Who controlled Venice?
An oligarchy of two-hundred merchant-aristocrat families.
What did the economy of Venice specialize in?
Maritime trade.
Who exercised legislative power in Venice?
The Great Council.
Who exercised executive power in Venice?
The Council of Ten.
What was the state of Italy during the 1500s.
Five mini-kingdoms existed not a unified Italy.
What were the five mini-Kingdoms in 1500s Italy?
1) Naples.
2) Florence.
3) Milan.
4) Venice.
5) The Papal States.
Who would Naples be dominated by?
French and Spanish interlopers.
What happened to the Papal States?
They would be turbulent politically due to the papacy.
What happened to Milan and Florence?
They became ruled by despots.
Why does Venice hold special significance in Western Civilization?
1) It was the crossroads of Byzantium, Southern Europe, and Northern Europe.
2) Its large profits made it a key patron of the arts and a spark of the cultural rebirth and Renaissance.
What brought Byzantium to its end?
The Migration of the Sijuk Turks into the Middle East.
What Battle was the turning point of Byzantium in the East?
The Battle of Manzikert.
The capture of what city was the turning point of Byzantium in the West?
The port city of Bari on the Adriatic Sea.
What happened to Byzantine art and culture during the political and economic decline of Constantinople?
It flourished with its connection to the Italian city-states, Russians, and Muslim merchants.
What group migrated into Asia Minor and joined the Seljuk Turks?
The Ottoman Turks.
What was an important element of Ottoman power?
Its janissary corps.
What were the Janissary Corps?
Christian slaves who were converted to Islam and trained as an elite corps of soldiers and government administrators.
What year did the Ottomans conquer Constantinople?
1453 AD.
Where did the Ottomans get the necessary technology to capture Constantinople?
The Italian City-States.
When would the Ottoman Empire reach its zenith?
Around 1600 AD.
What was the Byzantine Empire’s long-term significance in Western Civilization?
1) It prevented Muslims from invading southeast Europe.
2) It served as a custodian of Greco-Roman culture at a time when those cultural values were absent in Western Europe.
3) Shaped the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia.
4) Shaped Slavic culture to endure a century of Communist Rule.
What was a major flaw of the Byzantine Empire?
Its rigidity and inflexibility. It could not adapt, it tried to hard to preserve the status quo and preserve the past way of doing things.
Who was the first real King of modern Russia?
Ivan the Great.
What did Ivan due to symbolically preserve the Byzantine Empire?
1) Married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor.
2) Took the title of “Caesar” (czar)
3) Subordinated the Russian Orthodox Church to the State.
4) Announced that Moscow-Based Russia is the Third Rome.
What did Ivan do to maintain the Eastern orientation of Russia?
Defeated the Western like Novgorod princes. This severed Russia from the West.
What did Ivan’s consolidation of power due to Russia?
It would not liberalize.
List examples of Russia’s non-liberalization.
1) Feudalism would not end til the 1800s.
2) Monarchs would rule through World War I
3) No Capitalism or Urban Middle Class.
4) Barely interacted with the Reformation and its ideas.
Who finally consolidated Ivan the Great’s control of Russia?
Ivan the Terrible.
What Russian family established a dynastic line that would persist til the end of World War I?
The Romanov family.
What was the Reconquista?
The reclaiming of Spain by Roman Catholics from the Muslims.
When did the Reconquista take place?
1000-1500 AD.
What became the de facto barrier between Muslim Spain and Christian Europe?
The Pyrenees Mountains.
What did Spanish Muslims culture exhibit?
Aspects of Islamic, Roman, Christian and Jewish society.
How did Spanish Muslims treat Christians?
Spanish Muslims allowed the Christians to worship freely and allowed them to live according to their own laws.
What were Spanish Christians called by the West?
Mozarabs.
What does Mozarabs mean?
Like Arabs.
Why were Spanish Christians called Mozarabs?
Because they adopted so much of Arab culture and religion.
What was the capital city of Islamic Spain?
Cordoba.
What two great scholars did Cordoba host and what ethnicity was each?
1) Averroes - The Greatest Islamic Scholar Ever
2) Maimonides - The Greatest Jewish Scholar Ever.
What is one the most magnificent places in the world?
The Alhambra in Granda, Spain.
What products was Spain famous for?
Leather, Steel, Wool, Silk, and Paper.
What did the West gain from interacting with Islamic Spain?
1) Treasures of Greek and Roman Thought
2) Arab Inventions
What factors allowed independent Christian Kingdoms to liberate themselves from Spain?
1) Political disunity among Muslim leaders.
2) The Intrigue of Nearby French Nobles
3) The assistance of French and Norman Knights
4) The grant of indulgences by the Pope for Christian soldiers who helped the cause.
By the 1200s, what was the only part of Spain under Muslim control?
Granada.
Were the Christians united as one or separate?
Separate.
What were the largest Christian Kingdoms?
Leon, Castile, Aragon, and Barcelona.
When were Muslims pushed out of Granada?
1492 AD.
The marriage of which two people cemented modern-day Spain?
Ferdinand and Isabella.
How many people in France became Protestant as a result of the Reformation?
1/3 or more of the population.
What helped to end the Catholic/Protestant fighting in France?
The Edict of Nantes.
Who issued the edict of Nantes?
Henri IV.
When was the Edict of Nantes issued?
1598 AD.
What did the Edict of Nantes do?
It declared that Protestantism was an acceptable faith and should not be persecuted.
What caused the Thirty Years War?
The choice of many German lords to follow Calvinism outside of the Peace of Augsburg.
What ended the Thirty Years War?
The Peace of Westphalia.
When was the Peace of Westphalia implemented?
1648 AD.
What four movements helped transition the world from the medieval to the modern worldview?
1) Renaissance.
2) Reformation.
3) Scientific Revolution.
4) The Enlightenment.
How would Marxist historians explain the reasons for the transition from Medieval to Modern?
Through physical factors such as food, commerce, slavery, and proto-industrialization. Ideas are not a critical factor.
What is one of the most critical presupposition of Conservative historians?
That ideas drive socio-economic change not physical and material factors.
When did the Medieval Era occur?
500 - 1500 AD.
What marked the Medieval Era?
1) Feudalism
2) Manorialism
3) The Catholic Church as a Unifier
4) Sharp Contrast between the lower physical world and higher spiritual word.
What events ended the Medieval Era/started the Modern Era?
The Renaissance and the Reformation.
When did the Modern Era occur?
1600/1700 - 1900 AD.
What marked the Modern Era?
1) Capitalism and Socialism.
2) Industrialization.
3) An Increasingly Secularized Culture
4) The Complementary Use of Faith and Reason.
5) Urbanization.
6) Political Liberties.
7) Some notion of Equal Rights Before the Law.
8) Nations that Bear some Resemblance to Ethnic Groups.
What does the Post-Modern Era Believe?
A questioning of whether we can know truth or goodness. There is no Ultimate Truth to identity. Questions both Faith and Reason. It emphasizes feeling, hunch, pleasure, and utility in determining what is best.
What continent or civilization was least likely to go Modern first?
Western Europe.
What factors would show that Europe was not going to go Modern first?
1) Fractured Political Organizations (No Unity).
2) Disease (Plague) Killed a This of the Population.
3) Little Academic Inquiry Except at Monasteries.
What were the Six Physical Factors That Allowed the West to Go Modern First?
1) A Market-Driven Economy.
2) Overseas Colonies.
3) Increased Food Supply
4) Proto-Industrialization
5) Increased Upward Mobility for Innovators.
6) Slavery
Why did a Market-Driven Economy Help Fuel the Trend Towards the Modern-Era for the West?
It created a new flow of ideas from foreign lands like the Northern Italian City-States had possessed. It also helped craft the idea of Mercantilism.
What is Mercantilism?
The belief that states can become strong through economic power. The state with the most gold and silver is the most powerful and economic gain is a zero-sum game.
What in Mercantilism signaled a new era in Western History?
Leaders actively promoting economic gain.
What created the impetus for overseas colonies?
The idea of mercantilism. Since mining new gold and silver coins increased wealth, Western Nations sent colonies to do just that.
How did States use the colonies for economic gain?
1) Becoming Economically Self-Sufficient.
2) Diversifying its production to sell goods to rival states.
Where were the most profitable European Colonies?
The Caribbean. (Sugar)
Where were the second most profitable European Colonies?
India/Southeast Asia. (Spices)
Why was European’s health poor to some extent?
Malnutrition due to a lack of food.
What helped Europe break the food barrier?
1) Foods Imported From Other Lands (Potatoes and Corn)
2) Enclosure Acts (Took Land From Peasants For Lords to Farm More Successfully With Larger Tracts of Land)
3) Clearing Forests to Get More Land
Chart Western Europe’s overall population every hundred years from 1500-1800?
1500 - 60 Million
1600 - 85 Million
1700 - 120 Million
1800 - 200 Million
What embryos could be seen of the Industrial Revolution in 1500-1600?
The Putting Out System and Cottage Industries.
What changes after 1500 in Regards to Social Structure?
People Had an Opportunity To Advance Beyond Their Level of Birth.
What did the Chance for Upward Mobility Incentivize?
Ambition, Innovation, Risk-Taking, and Experimentation.
In what two nations does Upward Mobility appear rapidly?
The Netherlands and Great Britain.
In what nations does Upward Mobility come more slowly?
France, parts of Germany, Belgium, and parts of Italy.
Where is social mobility less prevalent?
Prussia, Poland, Hungary, Russia, and Eastern Europe.
Who did the Western European people enslave during the Middle Ages?
The Slavic People (Slavs.) and the Muslims.
When could the Slavs no longer be legally enslaved and why?
1000-1200. Because they converted to Roman Catholicism.
After 1500 who did the Europeans enslave?
Africans.
Why were African Slaves important to Western Civilization?
Because much of the Western Economic Expansion was built on the backs of the slaves. (Examples include Sugar colonies in the Caribbean, Cotton in the Thirteen Colonies, etc.)
Where did the vast majority of slaves go?
The Caribbean and Brazil.
Where was the death rate highest among African Slaves?
South America and the Caribbean.
Where was there a self-reproducing slave population?
In the English Colonies in North America.
