Chapter 15 - Radical Reformers, Counter-Reformation, and Wars of Religion. Flashcards
What was a High Church view of Christianity?
A view that maintained the similarity of liturgy and worship style as the Medieval or Catholic Church.
Who held the High Church view?
Reforms such as Luther and Calvin.
Who were the Anabaptists?
People who wanted a simpler church stripped bare of the trappings of centuries of bureaucracy and tradition.
Where did the Anabaptists get their name?
From their belief that infant baptism was wrong and that baptism should only be taken by adults who could Christ as their personal savior.
What did the Anabaptists believe about the High Church view?
That it was still too Catholic when it came to much of its organization, worship, and liturgy.
What did the Anabaptists believe about the role of the Church in the State?
That the Church should not intermix with the State. The state should not have a role in enforcing the Church’s standards and did not think the State had a right to persecute those whose beliefs ran counter to the church.
What did the Anabaptists believe about faith and works?
That faith should be reflected in their works.
What are the three main branches of the Anabaptists?
1) Pacifistic Anabaptism
2) Personal & Contemplatieve Anabaptism.
3) Revolutionary Anabaptism.
Who were two prominent figures in Pacifistic Anabaptism?
Jacob Hutter and Menno Simons.
What did Revolutionary Anabaptism believe?
They believed that they had been called by God to purify the Church and prepare the world or even spark the end of days.
What are the Anabaptists often called?
Radical Reformers.
How did the Anabaptists conceive of the Christian life?
In radically individualistic terms.
What were some of the peculiar beliefs of the Anabaptists?
1) Believer’s Baptism
2) Common Ownership of Property (No Private Property)
3) Total Separation of Church and State
Why were the Anabaptists persecuted by the Protestant Reformers?
Because the rejection of the State’s involvement in the Church was seen as a recipe for chaos. (NOT BECAUSE OF BELIEVER’S BAPTISM.)
What two unlikely forces both opposed the Anabaptists?
Protestants and Catholics.
What are the three supposed origins of the modern Baptist denomination?
1) Developed from the English Separatist movement and English Puritans.
2) The Anabaptists.
3) They existed from the Birth of Christianity. (Spurgeon)
In what nation did Anabaptism find fertile ground?
Germany.
What was an example of the revolutionary ends some Anabaptists used?
The Anabaptist declared Munster a New Jerusalem, invaded the city, caused its inhabitants to flee, and established a theocracy that became oppressive and declared the end of the world.
What happened in response?
The exiled Bishop of Munster led forces to reclaim the city and slaughter the inhabitants and the leadership.
What took place during the Council of Trent?
A Catholic/Counter-Reformation that addressed many of the problems reformers such as Luther pointed out in the RCC.
Where was Protestantism firmly established by the mid-1500s?
Parts of Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, France, England, and the Netherlands.
Who were the frontline soldiers of the Counter-Reformation?
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
What was the Jesuits three pronged strategy?
1) They established highly disciplined schools to thoroughly educated young people in Roman Catholicism.
2) They engaged in evangelism. (China, Japan, and Americas).
3) They reclaimed land for the Roman Catholic Church in areas such as Poland.
What hardline conservative pope used an Inquisition to stop Protestant sympathizers?
Pope Paul IV.
What Pope created the Index of Forbidden Books?
Pope Paul IV.
What was the Index of Forbidden Books?
A list of books Catholics were not allowed to read. (Contained Luther and Erasmus.)
What initiated the Roman Catholic Church’s official response to the Reformation?
The Council of Trent.
What did the Council of Trent do?
It imposed reforms on the conduct of clergy and ecclesiastical discipline in an attempt to weed out insincerity.
List the reforms the Council of Trent implemented?
1) Established Theological Seminaries to end priests’ illiteracy and combat Protestantism.
2) The crass selling of indulgences was prohibited though their efficacy was affirmed.
What did the Council of Trent not do?
It did not accept a more Protestant understanding of salvation. It affirmed the RCC teaching of justification by faith supplemented by works.
What happened to European Unity after the Reformation?
The shared identity of all people in the pope was one.
What were the consequences of the religious disunity?
It would feel and legitimize national rivalry and competition which promoted innovation and creativity.
What promoted the process of nationalism that emerged post-Reformation?
The diminishing role of the Pope in European politics.
What would become the new center of cooperation among European nations?
Commerce and profits.
How do Roman Catholics view the Middle Ages?
A thousand year history of Christian ascendency. They point to great triumphs of faith such as converting all of Europe and great works written by Monks. The Church, despite some flaws, kept Christianity at the center of the medieval worldview.
How do Protestants tend to view the Middle Ages?
A regrettable fall from grace when the true Gospel was lost through a millennium of error. They point to doctrinal corruption, idolatry, superstition, and the sale of church offices. The Reformation is seen as rescuing the Church from heresy.
What can Catholics and Protestant agree upon about the Middle Ages way of thought?
1) They accepted the idea that the supernatural is natural. (God was an active part of the world which prompted them to pray frequently. They understood the spiritual nature of the world.)
2) They understood that pain, suffering, death, and hardship were a part of life. (They had security that God was in control of all things.)
3) The Medieval church was not slack when it came to evangelism. (No one was beyond Christianity. #theVikingVicars)
How many cities had a population of over 100,000 in the Late Middle Ages?
1) Constantinople.
2) Paris
3) Cordoba, Spain.
4) . Naples
5) Venice
6) Milan
7) Genoa.
What was the most important Italian city-state?
Venice.
Who controlled Venice?
An oligarchy of two-hundred merchant-aristocrat families.
What did the economy of Venice specialize in?
Maritime trade.
Who exercised legislative power in Venice?
The Great Council.
Who exercised executive power in Venice?
The Council of Ten.
What was the state of Italy during the 1500s.
Five mini-kingdoms existed not a unified Italy.
What were the five mini-Kingdoms in 1500s Italy?
1) Naples.
2) Florence.
3) Milan.
4) Venice.
5) The Papal States.
Who would Naples be dominated by?
French and Spanish interlopers.
What happened to the Papal States?
They would be turbulent politically due to the papacy.
What happened to Milan and Florence?
They became ruled by despots.
Why does Venice hold special significance in Western Civilization?
1) It was the crossroads of Byzantium, Southern Europe, and Northern Europe.
2) Its large profits made it a key patron of the arts and a spark of the cultural rebirth and Renaissance.
What brought Byzantium to its end?
The Migration of the Sijuk Turks into the Middle East.
What Battle was the turning point of Byzantium in the East?
The Battle of Manzikert.
The capture of what city was the turning point of Byzantium in the West?
The port city of Bari on the Adriatic Sea.
