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West Civ. 1 203 Final Exam > Chapter 12- Late Middle Ages > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Late Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Black Death?

A

A plague that struck Western Europe from 1347 until 1350.

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2
Q

What were the consequences of the Black Death?

A

1) Killed 25 Million People or More.
2) Potentially Ended Feudalism in Europe.
3) Sparked Peasant Revolts Agains Lords and Kings.
4) Massive Decline in Law and Order.

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3
Q

What happened during the Avignon Papacy?

A

The papacy relocated from Rome to a small town in France for over 70 years and became known for its corruption.

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4
Q

What caused the Great Schism?

A

Two popes (anti-popes) tried to keep their seat in Avignon leading to competing popes excommunicating one another.

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5
Q

What group was created as a result of the Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism?

A

The Flagellants.

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6
Q

What is John Wycliffe known as?

A

The Morning Star of the Reformation.

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7
Q

What did John Wycliffe believe in regards to papal corruption and Scripture?

A

Papal corruption was not appropriate and people should be able to read the Bible in the vernacular of their own countries rather than relying on a priest or the ability to read in Latin.

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8
Q

What period did the High Middle Ages spark?

A

The Italian Renaissance

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9
Q

What occurred during the High Middle Ages to spark the Renaissance?

A

A rediscovery of Ancient Greece and Rome and its dissemination.

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10
Q

Why did the Renaissance start in Italy along with the High Middle Ages “rediscovery”?

A

1) Rome was in Italy and it had a large concentration of knowledge waiting to be rediscovered.
2) The Pope returned to Italy sparking a movement to remake Rome.
3) The wealth of the Italian city-states funded a revival of the arts.

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11
Q

Who was Machiavelli?

A

A political theorist (#theorymajorgoals) who became an advisor to the Medici.

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12
Q

What was the staple of the Medieval Diet?

A

Dark, Coarse, Heavy Wheat-and-Rye Bread

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13
Q

Who ate meat and when?

A

Lords and Knights regularly. Serfs only on religious feast days.

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14
Q

Who drank what during the High Middle Ages?

A

Lords and monks drank wine and peasants drank a heavy ale similar to beer.

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15
Q

Describe peasant housing in the High Middle Ages?

A

1) Walls of wood and sticks.
2) Rubble and Clay formed an exterior mortar/plaster.
3) Low and thatched roofs.
4) Floors of Dirt and Straw.
5) Mostly one Room.
6) Usually No Windows.

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16
Q

What was the state of marriage in 800 AD?

A

Serial polygamy due to the frequency of divorces and the lords use of slaves and free women as concubines.

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17
Q

By what year had the church stamped out divorce among the common people and the nobility?

A

1200 AD.

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18
Q

Approximately what percentage of the populate were nobility?

A

2%.

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19
Q

Describe the life of a noble male in the High Middle Ages?

A

1) Taught the art of war and chivalric code during childhood.
2) At age 17, a young man received his sword and became a full-time soldier.
3) The goal was to obtain his own land and marry.
4) Younger sons had to win land gifts through military exploits or faithful services.
5) Often a shortcut used was to kill an older knight on the tournament field, marry his wife, and take his land.

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20
Q

What roles did the wives of nobles play in the High Middle Ages?

A

1) Bore children.
2) Managed the Castle and Manor and directed a team of servants and peasants.
3) Engaged in Recreational Activities such as sewing, playing musical instruments, or chess.

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21
Q

What was the view of women during the High Middle Ages?

A

As temptresses in accordance with Eve’s sin in the Garden of Eden. This meant that men could beat their wives with church permission and with hunts often focused on women.

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22
Q

Why might women in Western Europe be said to enjoy a higher status in life than women in non-western cultures during the High Middle Ages?

A

1) The Catholic Church began to teach that women were equal in the sight of God in regards to spiritual matters.
2) Permanent marriages reduced the number of abandoned women who could be forced to sell themselves into slavery or prostitution.
3) Aristocratic women who became nuns grew intellectually as the convent built skills such as reading and writing.
4) Aristocratic Women, if they survived the difficulties of childbearing, would far outlive their husbands and become powerful people.

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23
Q

What was considered a sacred duty by people in the High Middle Ages?

A

Hospitality.

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24
Q

Why was hospitality considered a sacred duty?

A

Because manor-to-manor travel was dangerous.

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25
Where did travelers (mostly lords, knights, and church officials) seek shelter?
Other lords homes and monasteries.
26
How advanced was medicine practiced by Medieval doctors?
Decently. Doctors used herbs and plants to create anesthesia. Bloodletting was a common practice. Hand-washing was optional since doctors did not understand the relationship between infections, cleanliness, and germs. Doctors also prescribed magical medicines such as wearing amulets with certain things inside of them.
27
Where did peasant recreation center?
The manor church and the church's numerous holy festivals.
28
What were cycle plays?
Where a series of wagons paraded past a line of peasants with each wagon depicting a different stage of Christ's life.
29
How long were Christmas celebrations in Medieval Europe?
12 days from December 25 to January 6.
30
Who was the only non-Christian group of people granted the right to practice their religion?
The Jews.
31
What role did the Jewish people serve in the Early Middle Ages?
Cultural Mediators between the East and the West.
32
Around what year did the prosecution of Western European Jews begin?
Around 1100 AD.
33
What were pogroms?
Organized killings, beatings, and plundering of Jewish people or possessions.
34
What did the Fourth Lateran Council decree in regards to the Jews?
1) Jews must wear ribbons, yellow badges, or specifically-marked clothing so that they might be easily distinguished from Christians. 2) Jews shall not go in public at all in the last three days before Easter. 3) Encouraged the development of Jewish ghettos to isolate them from the parts of towns where Christians lived.
35
What nations and when did those nations removed Jews from their country?
1) Edward I - England - 1290 AD. | 2) French - Early 1300s AD.
36
What was the articulated Roman Catholic Medieval worldview called?
Scholasticism or Thomistic Synthesis.
37
What were the tenants of the pre-Scholastic worldview?
1) The Universe Existed on Two Planes: a "higher plane" of grace, spirit, and perfection that was heaven and a "lower plane" with nature, matter, experience, and sin that was the City of Man. 2) Spiritual growth was a matter of climbing the ladder to free that person from the lower world. 3) Monasticism was prevalent to help people escape the world of man. 4) Happiness came from hurrying on to the City of God and not repairing the fatally flawed city of man.
38
What were the tenants of the Scholastic worldview?
1) The marrying of faith and reason. (Christianity was not contrary to reason.)
39
Who was Anselm?
An early Scholastic Italian monk who lived in a monastery in Normandy.
40
What did Anselm postulate that made him a Scholastic?
1) Faith was a Precondition For Knowing. 2) Intellectual Inquiry Should Only Promote Christian Doctrine. 3) Attacked the misconception that Jesus was a ransom paid to Satan since Satan had possession over mankind.
41
Who was Peter Abelard?
A teacher of theology at the Cathedral School of Notre Dame who had an affair with one of his students.
42
What did Peter Abelard do/believe that associated him with the Scholastics?
1) Used reason to interrogate the Christian Faith 2) Wrote the book Yes and No where he said reason could resolve the Church's contradiction in the interpretation of doctrine.
43
Who led the Scholastic Movement in its Zenith?
Thomas Aquinas.
44
What did Aquinas believe/do that associated him with the Scholastics?
1) He believed that philosophy would not necessarily contaminate the faith. 2) Tried to reconcile Aristotle's worldview the Christianity. The result was his work Summa Theologica. 3) He agreed that faith and reason cannot conflict and that all truth is God's truth.
45
What aspect of the pre-Scholastic worldview did Scholasticism particularly combat?
The belief that the city of man was just a sinful place worth escaping. Instead, it was part of God's creation and worthy of understanding.
46
What happened to Europe's population between 1000 AD to 1300 AD?
It doubled from 38 million to 74 million.
47
Why did Europe's population increase?
1) Less frequent attacks by invaders such as the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. 2) Increased Agricultural Productivity.
48
What were the factors that increased Agricultural Output?
1) The clearing of more arable land. 2) The use of Iron to create more durable and efficient farm implements. 3) Water Driven Mills resurged to grind flour.
49
What changed the economy of Western Europe around 1100?
A Revival of Trade.
50
What cities played a key role in renewing commercial activity? What area did each city trade with?
1) Venice - Constantinople 2) Genoa - Spain and North Africa 3) Pisa - Spain and North Africa 4) Florence
51
What city became known for its high quality cloth and who provided the wool for the industry?
Flanders. The wool was provided by England.
52
What action did lords take to facilitate commerce?
The created Commerce Fairs.
53
What were the basic guarantees and actions of a commerce fair?
1) Guaranteed the Safety of Traveling Merchants 2) Supervised the Exchange of Goods 3) Collected a Tax on the Sales
54
What did the revival of commerce incentivize?
The development of towns.
55
What were the consequences of the development of towns?
1) A beech in the feudal system since laborers were no longer tied to land. 2) A spawning middle class that were free and wealthy and increasingly powerful.
56
How were towns usually governed?
Self-government with an appointed mayor. The town paid taxes to the local lords.
57
What were the living conditions in Medieval European Towns?
1) Cramped with homes as close as they would fit. 2) The only open space was in the town square. 3) No sanitation systems for garbage or sewage.
58
When did the Hundred Years War start?
1337 AD
59
What event sparked the Hundred Years War?
King Phillip IV of France attempted to confiscate the English territories in the ducky of Aquitaine (located in Southwestern France.
60
Where was the war fought?
On French soil.
61
Describe the nature of the Hundred Years War?
Not one war or pitched battles but a long series of brutal chevauchees (raids), sieges, naval battles, and arson, interspersed with truces and uneasy peace.
62
When did the lands under conflict come into the possession of England?
When Eleanor of Aquitaine (who was heiress to much of the land of Southwestern France) married Henry II.
63
What did the 1259 Treaty of Paris stipulate?
That Henry III was a feudal vassal o the King of France and the King of England became a vassal of sorts.
64
How did the French respond to being surrounded by Britain and Flanders?
By making an alliance with the Scottish. Thus surrounding Britain by Enemies.
65
Who claimed to be heir to the throne after the death of the French King Charles IV?
Edward III (King of England) and Phillip VI.
66
Who inherited the French Throne after Charles IV?
Phillip VI.
67
What happened after Phillip VI claimed the French Throne?
Edward III invaded to protect his claim and declared himself the true King of France.
68
What were the key factors in starting the Hundred Years War?
1) Confusion Over the Throne of France 2) Economic Power and Control Over Flanders 3) Sin (Greed and Lust)
69
What was the first major battle of the Hundred Years War?
The Battle of Crecy.
70
Who won the Battle of Crecy?
The English.
71
Why did the English have a military advantage over France?
Because British Archers with Longbows Could Cut Down French Knights
72
What treaty temporarily halted the fighting, returned the captured King, and gave Calais and Aquitaine to the English?
Treaty of Breitigny.
73
What was the result of the Treaty of Breitigny?
A 1358 French Peasant revolted called the Jacquerie.
74
How successful was the French war effort after the Treaty of Breitigny?
The French regained almost all their lost lands.
75
When was the second treaty of the war signed?
1396 AD.
76
Who resumed the fighting after the second treaty and when?
Henry V in 1415 AD.
77
What was the battle where Henry V handed a terrible defeat to the French?
Agincourt.
78
What was the third peace with Henry V based on?
Henry's marriage to the French Princess Katherine.
79
What caused the war to resume a fourth time?
Henry V's death in 1422 AD.
80
Who rallied French Forces to combat the invading English and when?
Joan of Arc in 1429 AD.
81
How did Joan of Arc contribute to the success of the French?
She lead the liberation of the city of Orleans.
82
What was Joan's goal?
To protect France and insure Charles VII was crowned King.
83
What forced the English to finally stop fighting?
The War of the Roses in 1453 AD.
84
What were the consequences of the Hundred Years War?
1) Untold misery on France. Farmland was laid waste and local wars increased destruction and social disintegration. 2) Feudal nobility was destroyed as were several generations of knights that enabled the King to unite France and ally with the rising French middle class. 3) Contributed to a growing sense of French Nationalism and started to forge a nation identity. (Same applies to Britain.) 4) The End of English Attempts to Control Territory on the European continent. 5) Emphasized shipbuilding and maritime supremacy as opposed to land forces. 6) Widespread civil wars such as the War of the Roses. 7) Kings escaped feudal control by using tax money to outfit a professional army with inexpensive longbows. 8) The House of Commons gained significant concessions due to England's near bankruptcy experience during the war.
85
What two families fought for control during the War of the Roses?
The House of Lancaster (Red Rose) and the Works (White Rose).
86
Who won the War of the Roses?
Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster.
87
What was the precursor to the Black Plague?
A famine that made food supplies tenuous for the next twenty years.
88
How many overall waves of the Black Plague were there?
Five.
89
How many people died in the First Wave?
20 million.
90
When would Europe regain its 1300 population levels?
1550 AD.
91
What did the Black Plague trigger?
A wave of peasant and urban revolts cause by vassals overly taxing and demanding of peasants.
92
When did the Pope's prestige begin to decline?
1300 under Pope Boniface VIII.
93
Why is the pope's decline important?
It diminished the possibility of a unified European Christian Commonwealth.
94
What was the Unam Sanctam?
A papal bull that made eternal salvation contingent on obedience to the pope. To disobey the pope was to condemn him/her-self to Hell.
95
Who issued the Unam Sanctam?
Pope Boniface VIII.
96
When was the Unam Sanctam issued?
1302 AD.
97
What two Kings defied the Unam Sanctam and to what two nations did these kings belong?
1) Phillip IV (Phillip the Fair) - France | 2) Edward I - England
98
How did Phillip IV and Edward I defy the Unam Sanctam?
By taxing churches.
99
Did Pope Boniface VIII enforce his Unam Sanctam against Phillip IV and Edward I?
No, he backed down and did not excommunicate them.
100
What caused the second showdown between the kings and the Pope?
Phillip IV tried and imprisoned a French Bishop against Boniface's warning.
101
How did Phillip IV ensure that he could successfully resist the Pope?
By convening the first ever Estates General to gain national support.
102
What action taken by Phillip IV ended Boniface VIII's efforts and when was it taken?
Phillip IV ordered the capture of the Pope in 1303 and was successful in capturing him. The shock precipitated a stroke or heart attack that killed Boniface VIII a month later.
103
What did the Popes after Boniface VIII do in regards to French challenging of the Pope's authority?
They all bowed to French wishes.
104
What can be said of the Papacy between 1309-1377?
All popes were French and chose to live in Avignon, France instead of Rome.
105
What was the consequence of the Papacy's move to Avignon?
A further deterioration of the Pope's prestige.
106
What Roman Catholics challenged the papacy publicly during Boniface VIII? What did each of these challengers state
1) John of Paris - Attacked the Idea of a Sovereign Papacy and Declared that the French King was independent of the Pope. 2) Marsillus (Marsiglio) - Articulated ideas similar to the modern-day separation of church and state. (The church is a spiritual institution with no power in secular political affairs.)
107
What Pope ended the Avignon Papacy?
Pope Gregory XI.
108
When did Pope Gregory XI return the Papacy to Rome?
1377 AD.
109
When did the Great Schism occur?
1378 AD.
110
Who followed Pope Gregory XI?
Pope Urban VI.
111
Why was Pope Urban VI disliked as a Pope?
Because he was deemed to be mentally imbalanced after persecuting and abusing local cardinals who, as a result, fled Rome.
112
What did the cardinals do after escaping the persecution of Pope Urban VI?
Declared their previous election and elected Clement VII to the Papacy.
113
What was the result of the election of a new pope?
Urban VI refused to step down and excommunicated Clement VII. Clement VII fled to Avignon, excommunicated Urban VI, and declared that he alone was the legitimate pope. In short, the Roman Catholic Church now had two popes.
114
When did church leaders gather to try and resolve the two popes controversy?
1409 AD.
115
How did church leaders attempt to resolve the two popes
By deposing both Urban VI and Clement VII and electing a new pope.
116
How did Urban Vi and Clement VII react to the church leaders election of a new pope?
Both of them rejected it as invalid. There were now three popes.
117
What three actions disillusioned the people of Europe?
1) Pope Boniface VIII's Excess 2) The Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity of the Church) 3) The Great Schism.
118
What did the disillusionment of the European people sow the seeds for?
The protestant reformation.
119
List the small pre-Reformation reformers.
1) John Wycliffe. 2) Jan Hus (Huss) 3) Savonarola
120
What did each pre-Reformation reformer advocate?
1) Wycliffe - Denied Papal Authority in political affairs; denied the superstition of the Roman Catholic Church; called on men to read the Bible themselves; instigated a translation of the Latin Bible into English. 2) Jan Hus - Influenced by Wycliffe; Called for a Bible in a language that could be read by every Czech man and woman; criticized the clergy for excessive luxury. 3) Savonarola - Less Successful but same beliefs.
121
What was Machiavelli's assessment of Savonarola's attempts at Church Reform?
That all leaders fail unless they wield the sword.
122
What two men began challenging the legitimacy of Thomistic synthesis?
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham.
123
What was the position of Duns Scotus and William of Ockham on Faith and Reason?
That both faith and reason were important but it is necessary to sharply discriminate between the two and not integrate them.
124
What consequences did Duns Scotus and William of Ockham's stance have on future movements?
It legitimized intellectual pursuits that were outside the authority of Christian Truth and exalted reason separate from religion.
125
When did Kiev Rus reach its Zenith?
Around 1030 AD.
126
What religion did the Kiev Rus Kingdom adopt?
Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
127
What was the state of Kiev Rus during 1050?
The most dynamic, prosperous, and cosmopolitan kingdom on the continent.
128
In what year did the Kiev Rus Kingdom die?
1240 AD.
129
Why did Kiev fall in principle?
Constant in-fighting among ruling families led to civil wars.
130
Who conquered Kiev?
The Mongols.
131
How did the Mongols rule Kiev?
Directly in Southern Russia but with freedom of worship and through Russian princes in the northern part of Russia.
132
Who was one prince the Mongols used to rule in Russia?
Alexander Nevsky.
133
Who liberated the Russians from Mongol rule?
Ivan III.
134
In what year did Ivan III liberate the Russians from Mongol rule?
1480 AD.
135
Who did Russia have the closest tie to?
The Byzantine Empire.
136
What was the consequence of Russia's close ties to the Byzantine Empire?
They did not participate in many of the processes that modernized Western Europe.

West Civ. 1 203 Final Exam (5 decks)

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