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PHARMA ( MIDTERM ) > CHAPTER 15 ( INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND INFLAMMATION ) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15 ( INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND INFLAMMATION ) Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign Proteim

A

Antigen

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2
Q

released from INJURED CELLS to stimulate the inflammatory response THROUGH ACTIVATION OF various chemical substances.

A

ARACHIDONIC ACID

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3
Q

A disorder that OCCURS WHEN THE BODY RESPONDS TO SPECIFIC SELF- ANTIGENS “ TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES OR CELL- MEDIATED RESPONSES against its own cells

A

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

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4
Q

What are the “ BODY DEFENSES “?
B C C T

A
  1. Barrier Defenses
  2. Cellular Defenses
  3. The Inflammatory Response
  4. The Immune Response
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5
Q

Barrier Defenses includes

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucuous membranes
  3. Gastric Acid
  4. MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex )
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6
Q

It is the” FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE” and Act as a physical barrier to “PROTECT THE INTERNAL TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE BODY”

A

SKIN

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7
Q

It is the areas of the body that are EXPOSED TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCES but DO NOT HAVE BENEFIT OF SKIN PROTECTION.

A

Mucuos Membranes

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8
Q

Also act as “ Physical Barrier” to Invasion

A

Mucuous membranes

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9
Q

In the conducting airways of the respiratory tract, the mucuos membrane is line with “TINY, HAIR-LIKE PROCESSES CALLED?

A

Cilia

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10
Q

What “CILIA” DO?

A

The cilia “ SWEEP ANY CAPTURE PATHOGENS OR FOREIGN MATERIALS UPWARD TOWARD THE MOUTH , WHERE THEY WILL BE SWALLOWED. THE CILIA ALSO CAN MOVE THE CAPTURED MATERIAL TO AN AREA CAUSING IRRITATION, WHIXH LEADS TO REMOVAL BY “COUGHING” OR “SNEEZING”

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11
Q

What does mucous membrade do in “GI Tract”?

A

It serves as a protective coating, preventung EROSION of GI cells by the “ acidic environment of the stomach” ,

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12
Q

The acidity of the stomach not only “AIDS DIGESTION BUT ALSO DESTROYS MANY WOULD- BE PATHOGENS.

A

Normal Flora that live in this acidix environment also help to destroy many of these ingested pathogens.

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13
Q

The body’s last barrier of defense is the ability to “ DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SELF - CELLS AND FOREIGN CELLS”

A

MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex )

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14
Q

The MHC produces several proteins called?

A

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS / HUMAB LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS ( HLAs )

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15
Q

Where antigens ( protein ) are located?

A

LOCATED ON THE CELL MEMBRANE

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16
Q

Where antigens ( protein ) are located?

A

LOCATED ON THE CELL MEMBRANE

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17
Q

Cells that do not have “proteins” are identified as ?

A

FOREIGN ( targeted for destriuction by the body )

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18
Q

Any foreign pathogen that manages to Get past the barrier defenses will encounter the

A

HUMAN INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS / MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM ( MPS )

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19
Q

The MPS ( Mononuclear Phagocyte System ) is composed Primarilg of ??

A

LEUKOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, LYMPHOID TISSUES, AND NUMEROUS CHEMICAL MEDIATORS.

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20
Q

Stem cells in the “ bone marrow “ produce two types of WBCs or Leukocytes. What is these two?

A

LYMPHOCYTES & MYELOCYTES

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21
Q

The _______ are the “ KEY COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM “ and consist of T Cells & B Cells, and natural killer cells.

A

LYMPHOCYTES

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22
Q

The Myelocytes include??

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes / Macrophages
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23
Q

It is the “ KEY COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM “

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

Basis of the two types of cells: Lymphocytes and Myelocytes ( LM )

A

LEUKOCYTES

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25
Q

● THE BODY HAS SEVERAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN PLACE TO PROTECT IT FROM INJURY OR FOREIGN INVASION

A

True

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26
Q

BARRIES DEFENSES INCLUDES:

A

A. Skin
B. Mucuous membranes
C. Normal Flora
D. Gastric Acid

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27
Q

It is the “ Local Reaction “ of the body to “ invasion “ or “ injury “

A

The Inflammatory Response

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28
Q

______ causes the activation of a chemical in plasma called “ Factor XII or Hageman Factor.

A

CELL INJURY

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29
Q

______is responsible for “ ACTIVATING AT LEAST THREE SYSTEMS IN THE BODY

A

HAGEMAN FACTOR

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30
Q

Also known as Factor XII

A

Hageman factor

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31
Q

Also known as Factor XII

A

Hageman factor

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32
Q

The Hageman Factor is responsible for activating at least which 3 systems in the body ?

A
  1. Kinin System
  2. Clotting Cascade
  3. Plasminogen System
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33
Q

Initiates “ blood clotting “

A

CLOTTING CASCADE

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34
Q

Initiates “Dissolution” of blood clots

A

PLASMINOGEN SYSTEM

35
Q

Hageman Factor activates Kallikhrein, a substance found in the local tissues, which causes ?

A

The precursor substance kininogen ti be converted to “bradykinin and other kinins.

36
Q

Causes “ local vasolidation “ and changes in the capillary permeability which brings more blood to the injured area and allows WBCs to escape into the tissues

A

BRADYKININ

37
Q

Why barrier defenses exist?

A

To prevent the ebtry of foreign pathogens and to serve as important lines of defense in protecting the body.

38
Q

Any foreign pathogen that manages to get past the barrier defenses will encounter??

A

THE HUMAN INFLAMMATORY

39
Q

The MPS ( Mononuclear Phagocyte System ) is composed primarily of?

A

LEUKOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, LYMPHOID TISSUES, AND NUMEROUS CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

40
Q

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce two types of wbc or leukocytes, what is it?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Myelocytes
41
Q

The key components of the immune system and consist T cells and B cells and natural killer cells.

A

LYMPHOcytes

42
Q

The ______ can develop into a number of different cell types that are important in both the basic inflammatory response and the immune response.

A

Myelocytes

43
Q

It is capable of MOVING OUSIDE OF THE BLOODSTREAM (diapedesis) and engulfing and digesting foreign material ( phagocytosis )

A

NEUTROPHILS

44
Q

Myelocytic leukocytes that are NOT CAPABLE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS.

45
Q

Myelocytic leukocytes whose exact function is not understood. They are often foynd at the site of allergic reactions and may be responsible for removing the proteins and active components of the immune reaction fromt he site of an allergic response.

A

EOSINOphils

46
Q

Monocytes or Mononuclear Ohagocytes are also called

A

MACROPHAGES

47
Q

They are mature leukocytes that are capable of phagocytuzing an antigen.

48
Q

Cellular defenses include

A
  1. Blood cells ( lymphocytes ) T & B cells and Myelocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages )
49
Q

The local reaction of the body to INVASION Or INJURY

A

Inflammatory Response

50
Q

Cell injury causes the ACTIVATION of a chemical in the plasma called

A

FACTOR XII or Hageman Factor

51
Q

Cell injury causes the ACTIVATION of a chemical in the plasma called

A

FACTOR XII or Hageman Factor

52
Q

It is activated when Hageman Factor activates Kallikrein which causes the precursor substance kininogen to be converted to bradykinin and other kinins

A

Kinins System

53
Q

Was the FIRST KININ identified and remains the one that us best understood.

A

BRADYKININ

54
Q

It is the precursor to many substances called AUTOCOIDS , including cyclooxygenase, prostacyclin, and thromboxane.

55
Q

These substances act like a LOCAL HORMONES that cause an EFFECT in the IMMEDIATE AREA and then are Broken down.

56
Q

Autocoids includes ( P C L T )

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Cyclooxygenase
  3. Leukotrienes
  4. Thromboxanes
57
Q

Some of which augment in the inflammatory reaction and some of which BLOCK IT

A

Prostaglandin

58
Q

Involved in INFLAMMATION and various PROTECTIVE ACTIONS in the body.

A

CYCLOOXYGENASE

59
Q

Injury to a cell membrane causes the local release of

60
Q

Histamine causes “V” , which brings more blood and blood components to the are

A

Vasodilation

61
Q

Histamine also stimulates

A

Pain reception

62
Q

Some leukotrienes activated by arachidonic acid have a property called “Chemo___”

A

CHEMOTAXIS

63
Q

Or HEAT, occurs because of the increased blood flow to the area.

64
Q

SWELLING , occurs because of the fluid that leaks into the tissues as a result of the change in capillary permeability

65
Q

Or REDNESS , also related to the increased in blood flow caused by the vasodilation

66
Q

Or PAIN ,comes from the activation of Pain fibers by Histamine ans the kinin system.

67
Q

A response to cellular injury that can last from MINUTES to a FEW DAYS. It is protective and part of the process of TISSUE HEALING.

A

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

68
Q

It may last WEEKS, MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS . IT CAN HARMFUL by stimulating more cellular damage and even causing healthy tissue to become scarred and or fibriotic

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

69
Q

Programmed in the “T”THYMUS GLAND and provide what is called cell- mediated immnunity

70
Q

T cells develop into at least 3 different cell types

A
  1. Effector or Cystotoxic T Cells
    2.
71
Q

T cells develop into at least 3 different cell types

A
  1. Effector or Cystotoxic T Cells
    2.
72
Q

Found throughout the MPS in groups called clones

73
Q

Programmed to identify specific proteins or antigens. They provide what is called HUMORAL IMMUNITY.

74
Q

Produces Antibodies or immunoglobins, ehich circulate in the body and react with this specific antigen when it is encountered.

A

PLASMA CELL

75
Q

The antibodies are released in the form of

A

IMMUNOGLOBINS

76
Q

5 Dufferent types of IMMUNOGLOBINS

A
  1. M (IgM)
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
77
Q

5 Dufferent types of IMMUNOGLOBINS

A
  1. M (IgM)
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
78
Q

Antibodies produced AT FIRST EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIGEN

79
Q

Found in tears , saliva, sweat , mucus and bile. It is secreted by plasma cells in the GI and respiratory tract and in epithelial cells. These antibodies react with SPECIFUC PATHOGENS taht are Encountered in exposed areas of the body.

80
Q

It is present in SMALL AMOUNTS and seems to be related to ALLERGIC RESPONSES and to actuvation of Mast Cells

81
Q

Aother identified immunoglobin whose role HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED. Found primarily on B lymphocyte vell membranes so it may fubction in B - Cell differentiation

82
Q

Contains antibodies made by MEMORY CELLS that circulate ans enter the tissue; most of the imuunoglobin found in the serum

83
Q

It prevents viral REPLICATION and also suppress malignant cell replication and Tumor growth

A

INTERFERONS

84
Q

Other Mediators are

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Interleukins
  3. Thymosin
  4. Tumor Necrosis Factor

PHARMA ( MIDTERM ) (15 decks)

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