Chapter 15 - Improvements. Flashcards
How does Increased Ventricle size lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Cardiovascular)
Hypertrophy (Increase left ventricle cavity and thickness of the wall).
Increased size of the ventricle = an increased cardiac output (HR x SV)
As a result, a greater amount of oxygen, fuels and nutrients can be delivered to the working muscles to produce and resynthesise ATP aerobically.
How does Increase stroke volume (surface area) lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Cardiovascular)
Increased stroke volume, will enable greater amounts of blood to be ejected by the heart per beat, allowing more oxygen, fuels and nutrients to be delivered to the working muscles.
Enabling more ATP to be produced and resynthesised aerobically so the heart is able to work more efficiently and beat less.
How does increased cardiac output lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Cardiovascular)
Increased cardiac output at maximal intensity will enable greater amounts of blood to be ejected by the heart per minute, allowing greater amounts of oxygen, fuels and nutrients to be delivered to the working muscles.
Enabling more ATP to be produced and resynthesised aerobically at high intensities for longer periods of time.
How does increased tidal volume lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Respiratory)
Increased tidal volume means breathing in more air which will have a greater amount of oxygen being delivered to the working muscles.
Enabling more ATP to be produced and resynthesised aerobically and assisting in the breakdown of metabolic by-products.
How does increased pulmonary diffusion lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Respiratory)
Increase pulmonary diffusion, will increase the rate at which oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged between the alveoli and capillaries to be available for transport to and from the working muscles via cardiovascular system.
How does increased lung capacity (lung volume/vital capacity) lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Respiratory)
Increased lung capacity results in an increase in the amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration.
Enabling a greater amount of oxygen to be available for transport to the working muscles, and an increased removal of carbon dioxide.
How does increased myoglobin stores lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Muscular)
Myoglobin is similar to haemoglobin in that it attaches to oxygen. The difference between the two is that haemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood and myoglobin provides for intramuscular oxygen storage.
Increased myoglobin stores mean that more oxygen can be stored and is available, hence more ATP is produced aerobically.
How does Increased oxidative enzymes lead to improved performance? (Aerobic - Muscular)
Glycogen synthase is the enzyme responsible for converting glucose to glycogen.
Aerobic training leads to increases in its concentration and thus the ability to convert and store glycogen.
Glycogen can be broken down aerobically (aerobic glycolysis) or anaerobically (anaerobic glycolysis) to supply ATP, Aerobically is preferred because it doesn’t result in fatiguing by-products, it occurs more quickly and easily, and it allows performance to continue with little fatigue.
how does Oxygen extraction (arteriovenous oxygen difference) improve performance? (Aerobic - Muscular)
The arteriovenous oxygen difference is the difference in oxygen concentration between the arterioles and the venules, after passing through muscles. Aerobic training results in greater amounts of oxygen being extracted from the blood by muscles.
What leads to changes in a-VO2 difference?
A greater amount of O2 is being delivered to the working muscles as a result of a chronic cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations (TV, SV, Diffusion).
The muscles are then able to extract this oxygen to use for ATP resynthesis and metabolic by product removal, resulting in a smaller amount of O2 in the veins being delivered back to the lungs to be re-oxygenated.
How does increased left ventricle wall thickness lead to improved performance? (Anaerobic - Cardiovascular)
Increases the capacity of the ATP-PC and anaerobic capacity
How does increased myosin ATPase lead to improved performance? (Anaerobic - Muscular)
This is an enzyme that splits ATP to yield energy for muscular contractions.
Having greater amounts of ATPase allows more energy to be released at a faster rate, consequently more faster contractions can occur, thus the athlete can work at a higher intensity, improving performance.
How does increased glycolytic enyzmes lead to improved performance? (Anaerobic - Muscular)
Increases the rate /conversion of ATP from glycogen.
This allows for a more rapid release /rate of energy from the Anaerobic systems, thus the athlete can work at a higher intensity, improving performance.
How does Increased contractile proteins in muscles lead to improved performance? (Anaerobic - Muscular)
Strength training (anaerobic) tends to add to the portion of the muscle that generates tension = the contractile proteins.
This increases the contractile capacity of the muscle, as well as the overall size of the muscle fibre, this is directly related to the strength of the muscle.
The 3 Aerobic Cardiovascular improvements.
- Increased left ventricle size
- Increased stroke volume
- Increased cardiac output
