Chapter 15: Haloalkanes Flashcards
The chemistry of haloalkanes
What are the reagents for hydrolysis of haloalkanes?
- Haloalkane
- Source of hydroxide ions
- Ethanol solvent enable mixing
What are the products for hydrolysis of haloalkanes?
Alcohol & Halide ion
What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of haloalkanes?
Nucleophilic substitution
What is the trend of rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes and what is it dependant on?
Dependant upon carbon-halide bond enthalpies;
rate increases inversely to bond enthalpy.
How do you observe hydrolysis?
Enable reaction to occur with silver nitrate solution such that a silver halide precipitate is formed.
How does rate of reaction of hydrolysis vary between types of haloalkane?
Vary from primary being slowest to tertiary fastest. As a tertiary carbocation is most stable.
What are the primary uses of organohalogens?
Solvents, Polymers, Flame retardants & refrigerants
What is the radical process which uses ozone to reduce UV-B radiation?
O• + O₂ ⇌ O₃
How do CFCs deplete the ozone layer?
CF₂Cl₂ → CF₂Cl• +Cl•
Then all hell breaks loose.
O₃ + O• → 2O₂
How do Jet aircraft an lightning deplete ozone?
NO• + O₃ → NO₂• + O₂
O₃ + O• → 2O₂
Why is chlorine the primary issue with CFCs?
Lowest bond enthalpy
What is a replacement to CFCs?
HFCs
Why are aircraft less of an influence on ozone than CFCs?
Reactions occur lower in the atmosphere
Define nucleophile
A molecule or substance attracted to an area of low electron density which utilises a lone pair of electrons to bond.
