Chapter 14: Alcohols Flashcards
Properties and reactions
What are alcohols?
compounds with the -OH functional group known as the hydroxyl group
What are the properties of alcohols?
Less volatile, more soluble and greater melting point than alkanes
What types of IMF are present in all alcohols?
London forces and H-bonding
How does solubility of alcohols vary with chain length?
Increased chain length, less soluble as the h-bond have less of a comparative influence.
What are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
Primary- carbon atom attached to the -OH is attached to one alkyl group
Secondary- carbon atom attached to the -OH is attached to two alkyl groups
Tertiary- carbon atom attached to the -OH is attached to three alkyl groups
What is used in the oxidation of 1° and 2° alcohols?
Potassium dichromate (VI) forming dichromate (VI) ions which after oxidising leaves Chromium (III) ions. Solution turns from orange to green.
What are products of 1° oxidations?
- (distill) Aldehyd
- (reflux) Carboxylic acid
What are products of 2° oxidations?
-(reflux) Ketone
What are products of 3° oxidations?
None; don’t react
When produced what is the order for likelihood of alcohol formed?
If possible, Tertiary then Secondary then Primary.
What are the reagents and conditions for the dehydration of alcohols?
Reflux alcohol with Phosphoric or Sulfuric Acid producing an alkene and water.
What are the reagents, conditions and processes for the substitution of alcohols with hydrogen halides?
Reflux Sulfuric acid and sodium halide to produce hydrogen halide in situ.
Refluxed with the alcohol and the hydrogen halide; water and a haloalkane are formed.
What is produced in situ during an alcohol halide substitution?
Hydrogen halide from refluxed acid and halide ions.
