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PSY 366 - Psychological Disorders - Test 3 > Chapter 15 - Disorders of Aging and Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Disorders of Aging and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

age range when memory or attention issues seems to increase

A

60-70 years old

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2
Q

age-related cognitive decline

A

the normal instances of memory difficulties and lapses of attention that the DSM-5-TR considers normal

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3
Q

memory issues that do not have biological causes fall under this category

A

dissociative disorders

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4
Q

the typical cause of cognitive problems late in life

A

biological causes

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5
Q

delirium

A

a major disturbance in attention and orientation to the environment

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6
Q

what can the confusion caused by delirium sometimes lead to?

A

misinterpretations, illusions, and sometimes hallucinations

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7
Q

how long does it take delirium to develop?

A

hours or days

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8
Q

percent of non-elderly population that experiences delirium

A

0.5%

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9
Q

percent of people over 50 years old that experience delirum

A

1%, 14% over 85 years old

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10
Q

percent of elderly people that enter the hospital with symptoms of delirium

A

10%

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11
Q

percent range of people who develop delirium during their hospital stay

A

10-20%

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12
Q

percent of elderly who are admitted to surgery that develop delirium

A

17%

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13
Q

percent of elderly that are admitted suddenly for acute surgery

A

23%

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14
Q

percent range of nursing home residents with some delirium

A

18-50%

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15
Q

what can cause delirium?

A

fever, certain diseases and infections, poor nutrition, head injuries, strokes, stress (including the trauma of surgery), and intoxication by certain substances

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16
Q

why can delirium often be difficult to treat?

A

it is hard to detect

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17
Q

the cognitive functions that are affected in a person with a neurocognitive disorder

A

planning, memory, attention, visual perception, decision-making, language ability, or social awareness

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18
Q

when is a diagnosis of major neurocognitive disorder needed?

A

when a person’s cognitive decline is substantial and significantly interferes in their ability to live independently

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19
Q

when is a diagnosis of minor neurocognitive disorder needed?

A

when a person’s cognitive decline is modest and does not interfere with independent functioning

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20
Q

number of people in the world with a neurocognitive disorder

A

50 million

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21
Q

number of new cases of neurocognitive disorders

A

10 million

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22
Q

expected number of people with neurocognitive disorders by 2050

A

150 million

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23
Q

percent of people 65 years old with a neurocognitive disorder

A

1-2%

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24
Q

percent of people 85 years old with a neurocognitive disorder

A

50%

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25
Q

most common type of neurocognitive disorder

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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26
Q

number of people in the United States with Alzheimer’s disease

A

5.8 million people

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27
Q

expected number of people in the United States with Alzheimer’s disease by 2050

A

14 million people

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28
Q

percent of people 65-74 years old with Alzheimer’s disease

A

3%

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29
Q

percent of people 75-84 years old with Alzheimer’s disease

A

17%

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30
Q

percent of people 85 and older with Alzheimer’s disease

A

32%

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31
Q

ratio of women and men with Alzheimer’s disease

A

women twice as likely as men to get Alzheimer’s disease

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32
Q

racial differences among people with Alzheimer’s disease

A

African Americans and Hispanic Americans twice as likely as White Americans to develop Alzheimer’s disease

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33
Q

most prominent cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease

A

memory impairment

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34
Q

Alzheimer’s diagnosis in early stages of Alzheimer’s

A

mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease

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35
Q

Alzheimer’s diagnosis in late stages of Alzheimer’s

A

major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease

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36
Q

who was Alzheimer’s disease named after?

A

Alois Alzheimer, a German physician who discovered Alzheimer’s in 1907

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37
Q

average time between Alzheimer’s disease onset and death

A

4 to 8 years

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38
Q

beginning symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

mild memory problems, lapses of attention, and difficulties in language and communication

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39
Q

late symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

difficulty with simple tasks, forgetting distant memories, and very noticeable changes in personality

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40
Q

percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease who also develop a depressive disorder

A

40%

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41
Q

when does the physical health of people with Alzheimer’s usually decline?

A

when their mental functioning worsens to the point where they are essentially dependent on other people

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42
Q

number of deaths every year in the United States that can be tied to Alzheimer’s disease

A

122,000 deaths

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43
Q

6th leading cause of death in the United States

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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44
Q

structural features in the brain that indicate Alzheimer’s disease

A

senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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45
Q

senile plaques

A

deposits of the beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex

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46
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted protein fibers found within the neurons of the hippocampus and certain other brain structures

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47
Q

how do plaques lead to Alzheimer’s disease?

A

interfering with neuron-to-neuron communcations

48
Q

how do tangles lead to Alzheimer’s disease?

A

blocking the transportation of essential molecules within neurons

49
Q

what are proteins?

A

fundamental components of all living cells made up of chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfer

50
Q

two important proteins that contribute to plaques and tangles

A

beta-amyloid protein (plaques) and tau protein (tangles)

51
Q

leading theory about the connection between beta-amyloid protein and tangles

A

plaques produced by beta-amyloid protein also cause tau proteins within neurons to start breaking down, resulting in tangles and the death of many neurons

52
Q

percent of Alzheimer’s disease sufferers under 65 years old

A

less than 10%

53
Q

type of Alzheimer’s disease onset that typically runs in families

A

early onset Alzheimer’s disease

54
Q

proteins produced by genetic abnormalities in early onset Alzheimer’s disease

A

the beta-amyloid precursor protein and the presenilin protein

55
Q

late-onset form Alzheimer’s disease seems to result from a combination of these three factors

A

genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors

56
Q

genetic factor that most leads to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease

A

the apolipoprotein E (ApopE) gene

57
Q

chromosome that the ApopE gene is located on

A

chromosome 19

58
Q

what is the Apop E gene generally responsible for?

A

for the production of a protein that helps transport cholesterol in the bloodstream

59
Q

the form of the ApopE gene that 30% of the population inherits and leave people vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease

A

E-4

60
Q

what does the ApoE-4 gene do to contribute to Alzheimer’s?

A

it promotes the excessive formation of beta-amyloid proteins

61
Q

important brain structure in short-term memory

A

the prefrontal cortex

62
Q

important brain structures in the process of transforming short-term memory into long-term memory

A

the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus

63
Q

brain structures that may have poor interconnectivity or are generally dysfunctional in those with Alzheimer’s disease

A

prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

64
Q

brain chemicals that are responsible for the production of memory-linked proteins

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, RNA, and calcium

65
Q

natural substances in the brain that might act as toxins and contribute to Alzheimer’s disease

A

zinc (in high levels) and lead

66
Q

the autoimmune theory of Alzheimer’s disease

A

changes in aging brain cells may trigger and autoimmune response that can lead to Alzheimer’s disease

67
Q

autoimmune reaction

A

a mistaken attack by the immune system against itself

68
Q

the prion theory of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which is caused by prions, so Alzheimer’s disease might be caused by prions as well

69
Q

the methods diagnosticians use to figure out if someone probably has Alzheimer’s disease

A

neuropsychological tests, brain scans, blood tests, and carefully noting family history of the patient

70
Q

what are diagnosticians looking for when trying to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease?

A

biomarkers

71
Q

biomarkers

A

biochemical, molecular, genetic, or structural characteristics that usually accompany Alzheimer’s disease

72
Q

neuropsychological tests

A

tests that measure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances on certain tasks

73
Q

one important biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease

A

large numbers of beta-amyloid proteins and tau proteins

74
Q

when do Alzheimer’s biomarkers typically appear?

A

years before the obvious onset of Alzheimer’s disease

75
Q

two key aspects in the treatment of neurocognitive disorders

A

they try to prevent the problems in the first place and they are applied early

76
Q

vascular neurological disorder

A

follows a stroke during which blood flow to specific areas of the brain was cut off, thus damaging the areas

77
Q

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (AKA Pick’s disease)

A

a rare disorder that affects the temporal and frontal lobes

78
Q

neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease (AKA Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

A

has symptoms that include spasms of the body

79
Q

neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington’s disease

A

an inherited disease in which memory problems—along with personality changes, mood difficulties, and sever twitching and spasms—worsen over time

80
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness; can result in neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s disease

81
Q

in the past many people were mistakenly diagnosed with neurological disorder due to Parkinson’s disease, when instead they suffered from this disorder

A

neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease

82
Q

neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease

A

a buildup of clumps of protein deposits, called Lewy bodies, within many neurons

83
Q

other causes of neurocognitive disorders that the book doesn’t say much about

A

HIV infection, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, meningitis, and advanced syphilis

84
Q

effectiveness of neurocognitive disorders

A

at most only modestly helpful

85
Q

approaches to the treatment of neurocognitive disorders

A

drug therapy, cognitive-behavioral interventions, support for caregivers, and sociocultural approaches

86
Q

what can no neurocognitive disorder intervention do?

A

stop the progression of the disorder

87
Q

what are the drugs for treating Alzheimer’s meant to do?

A

to affect acetylcholine and glutamate

88
Q

drugs for treating Alzheimer’s

A

donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), galantamine (Reminyl), and memantine (Namenda)

89
Q

what often improves after someone with Alzheimer’s disease begins drug treatment?

A

short-term memory gets better, their communication improves, and they are better able to cope when under pressure

90
Q

vitamin that some people believe helps to treat Alzheimer’s disease

A

vitamin E

91
Q

when do clinicians believe that drug treatment is most effective?

A

when it is given to people in the early, mild stage of Alzheimer’s disease

92
Q

drug treatment that helps prevent Alzheimer’s disease in women years into menopause

A

estrogen treatment

93
Q

drug treatments that help prevent Alzheimer’s disease

A

long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naprosyn

94
Q

cognitive techniques in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

A

computer-based cognitive stimulation programs and cognitively stimulation activities (writing letters, reading, following the news, and attending plays/concerts) help lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease

95
Q

behavioral techniques in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

A

physical exercise and changing the behaviors the patient’s family find stressful

96
Q

the process of changing the behaviors the patient’s family find stressful

A

role-playing exercises, modeling, and practice to teach family members how and when to use reinforcement to shape more positive behaviors

97
Q

percentage of people with Alzheimer’s disease who are taken care of by family, usually their adult children or spouses

A

90%

98
Q

one of the most frequent reasons for the institutionalization of people with Alzheimer’s disease

A

their caregivers are overwhelmed and can no longer cope with the difficulties of keeping them at home

99
Q

sociocultural approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

A

day-care facilities and assisted-living facilities

100
Q

day-care facilities

A

they provide treatment programs and activities for outpatients during the day and returning them to their homes and families at night

101
Q

assisted-living facilities

A

those suffering from neurocognitive impairments live in cheerful apartments, receive needed supervision, and take part in stimulating activities

102
Q

use of devices in the management of Alzheimer’s disease

A

tracking beacons worn on the wrists or shows that contain a GPS tracker help locate patients who may wander off

103
Q

three issues affecting the mental health of older adults

A

racial discrimination towards the elderly who are part of minority racial groups, the inadequacies of long-term care, and the need for a health-maintenance approach to medical care

104
Q

double jeopardy

A

to be both a member of a minority group and to be old

105
Q

triple jeopardy

A

to be old, a member of a minority group, and to be a woman

106
Q

elderly women are more likely than elderly men to be . . .

A

living alone, widowed, and poor

107
Q

some ways in which elderly people in minority groups might be unlikely to receive proper treatment

A

language barrier between patient and clinician, cultural beliefs that prevent them from receiving health services, and not knowing about culturally sensitive treatments

108
Q

what is a common fate for many elderly members of racial and ethnic minority groups that suffer from medical or mental illnesses?

A

to rely largely on family members or friends for remedies and health care

109
Q

percent of older adults in the United States that live with their children because of increasing health problems

A

10%

110
Q

long-term care

A

a general term that may refer variously to the services offered outside the family in some kind of care facility

111
Q

percent of the elderly US population that actually lives in nursing homes

A

3%

112
Q

percent of people 85 years and older that do eventually wind up living in long-term care facilities

A

15%

113
Q

the average cost per year for a nursing home room in the US

A

$80,000 per year

114
Q

can insurance companies pay for the cost of living in a long-term care facility?

A

they often do not adequately cover the costs of long-term care facilities

115
Q

health-maintenance approach to the aging process

A

do things that promote physical and mental health

116
Q

what will help the elderly adapt more readily to change and negative events?

A

having a health-maintenance approach to the aging process

PSY 366 - Psychological Disorders - Test 3 (8 decks)

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