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PSY 366 - Psychological Disorders - Test 3 > Chapter 13 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

a set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behavior, emotions, thoughts, and intentions

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2
Q

personality traits

A

our particular characteristics that lead us to react in fairly predictable ways as we move through life

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3
Q

people who have a personality disorder

A

display an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs their sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and capacity for intimacy

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4
Q

when symptoms of personality disorders are typically recognizable

A

adolescence or early childhood

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5
Q

percent of all adults in the US who display a personality disorder at any given time

A

11%

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6
Q

do people with a personality disorder often suffer from another psychological disorder

A

yes, for example avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder

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7
Q

“odd” cluster or Cluster A disorders

A

paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder

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8
Q

“dramatic” cluster or Cluster B disorders

A

antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder

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9
Q

“anxious” cluster or Cluster C disorders

A

avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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10
Q

approach used by DSM to classify personality disorders

A

categorical approach i.e. there are clear distinctions between personality disorders

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11
Q

approach of personality disorder classification that challenges DSM’s approach

A

dimensional approach i.e. personality disorders differ more in degree/severity than in type

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12
Q

personality disorder different from typical personality traits in this way

A

they are maladaptive, distressing, and inflexible

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13
Q

disorder that odd personality disorders seem to be related to

A

schizophrenia

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14
Q

evidence that odd personality disorders are related to schizophrenia

A

people with an odd personality disorder also often qualify for a schizophrenia diagnosis or have close relatives with schizophrenia

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15
Q

Do people with odd personality disorders seek treatment?

A

they rarely seek treatment

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16
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

deeply distrusts other people and are suspicious of their motives; they find hidden meanings, typically belittling or threatening, in everything

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17
Q

are the suspicions of people with paranoid personality disorder delusions?

A

though they are inaccurate and inappropriate, they are not usually delusional

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18
Q

people with paranoid personality disorder’s relationship with criticism

A

they are critical of others, but they are unable to recognize their own faults and are sensitive to criticism

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19
Q

percent of adults with paranoid personality disorder

A

4.4%

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20
Q

paranoid personality disorder among men and women

A

more common in men than in women

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21
Q

psychodynamic explanation for paranoid personality disorder

A

unaccepting, distant parents. they view the environment as hostile, and they become angry at their environment and project this distrust onto others

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22
Q

cognitive behavioral explanation for paranoid personality disorder

A

maladaptive assumptions such as “people are evil”

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23
Q

biological causes of paranoid personality disorder

A

genetics

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24
Q

why is therapy difficult for people with paranoid personality disorder?

A

they feel inferior while in the “patient” position

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25
Q

object relations therapists approach to the treatment of paranoid personality disorder

A

focus on the individual’s deep wish for a satisfying relationship

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26
Q

behavioral approach to paranoid personality disorder treatment

A

help clients master anxiety-reduction techniques and teach them skills to solve interpersonal problems

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27
Q

cognitive approach to paranoid personality disorder treatment

A

help clients develop realistic interpretations of other people’s words and actions and to become more aware of other people’s point of view

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28
Q

do antipsychotics help those with paranoid personality disorder?

A

not much

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29
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion or social interest

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30
Q

types of jobs that attract those with schizoid personality disorder

A

jobs that require little to no contact with others

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31
Q

percent of adults with schizoid personality disorder

A

4.9%

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32
Q

schizoid personality disorder among men and women

A

men slightly more likely to experience it than women are

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33
Q

object relations therapists’ explanation for schizoid personality disorder

A

they have an unsatisfied need for human contact that stems from unaccepting or abusive parents, and they cope with this by avoiding all relationships

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34
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation for schizoid personality disorder

A

their thoughts are vague, empty, and without much meaning; thus they don’t come to accurate perceptions and don’t pick up on emotional cues from others

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35
Q

what prevents those with schizoid personality disorder from going to therapy?

A

their social withdrawal

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36
Q

relationship between therapist and person with schizoid personality disorder

A

emotionally distant from therapist

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37
Q

therapy that has sometimes been able to help people with schizoid personality disorder experience more positive emotions

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

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38
Q

cognitive approach to schizoid personality disorder

A

present client with lists of emotions to think about

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39
Q

behavioral approach to schizoid personality disorder

A

teach social skills using role-playing, exposure techniques, and homework assignments

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40
Q

what can sometimes help those with schizoid personality disorder unless they are pressured to take part?

A

group therapy

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41
Q

how much does drug therapy help with schizoid personality disorder?

A

not much

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42
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns or thinking, and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

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43
Q

most severe “Odd” personality disorder

A

schizotypal personality disorder

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44
Q

odd thoughts of those with schizotypal personality disorder

A

ideas of reference and bodily illusions

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45
Q

ideas of reference

A

beliefs that unrelated events pertain to the individual in some important way

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46
Q

bodily illusions

A

sensing an external “force” or presence

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47
Q

Odd personality disorder that has sense of having special extrasensory abilities and magical control over others

A

schizotypal personality disorder

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48
Q

emotions of those with schizotypal personality disorder

A

inappropriate, flat, or humorless

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49
Q

Odd personality disorder with attention problems

A

schizotypal personality disorder

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50
Q

conversations with those with schizotypal personality disorder

A

digressive, vague, and sprinkled with loose associations

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51
Q

types of jobs that attract those with schizotypal personality disorder

A

undemanding jobs where they are not required to interact with other people

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52
Q

percent of adults with schizotypal personality disorder

A

4%

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53
Q

schizotypal personality disorder in men and women

A

slightly more men than women

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54
Q

other psychological disorder that seems related to schizotypal personality disorder

A

schizophrenia

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55
Q

backward masking

A

a laboratory test of attention that requires a person to identify a visual stimulus immediately after a previous stimulus flashed on and off the screen

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56
Q

schizotypal personality disorder biological factors

A

high dopamine activity and genetics

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57
Q

Odd personality disorder connected to mood disorders

A

schizotypal personality disorder

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58
Q

goal of therapy for people with schizotypal personality disorder

A

help them “reconnect” with the world and recognize the limits of their thinking and their powers

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59
Q

other general goals of schizotypal personality disorder treatment

A

increase positive social contacts, ease loneliness, reduce overstimulation, and help them become more aware of their personal feelings

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60
Q

cognitive-behavioral approach to schizotypal personality disorder treatment

A

help clients evaluate unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate ones

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61
Q

personality disorder where therapist keeps track of odd or magical predictions of the client and points out their inaccuracy

A

schizotypal personality disorder

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62
Q

behavioral methods for treatment of schizotypal personality disorder

A

speech lessons, social skills training, and tips on appropriate dress and manners

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63
Q

do antipsychotics help in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?

A

in low doses they often reduce their thought problems

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64
Q

behaviors of those with Cluster B or “Dramatic” personality disorders

A

so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying

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65
Q

personality disorders diagnosed more than the others

A

Cluster B personality disorders

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66
Q

cluster B personality disorders that have received the most research

A

antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder

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67
Q

are the causes of cluster B personality disorders understood?

A

the causes of cluster B personality disorders are not well understood

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68
Q

how effective are the treatments for cluster B personality disorders?

A

ineffective to moderately effective

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69
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

persistently disregard and violate others’ rights; impulsive; irritable, aggressive, and quick to start fights

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70
Q

common names for people with antisocial personality disorders

A

psychopaths or sociopaths

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71
Q

personality disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior

A

antisocial personality disorder

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72
Q

age one must be to receive diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder

A

18 years old

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73
Q

what do clinicians say people with antisocial personality disorder lack?

A

a conscience

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74
Q

what do people with antisocial personality disorder think about their victims?

A

that their victims are weak and deserve to be conned, robbed, or even physically harmed

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75
Q

percent of adults with antisocial personality disorder

A

3.6% of adults

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76
Q

antisocial personality disorder among men and women

A

4x more common among men

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77
Q

percent of people in prison that meet diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder

A

35% of people in prison

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78
Q

age when criminal behavior of those with antisocial personality disorder seems to (but not always) decline

A

40

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79
Q

other disorder common in people with antisocial personality disorder

A

substance use disorders

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80
Q

percent of people with antisocial personality disorder that display a substance use disorder at some time in their lives

A

80% of people with antisocial personality disorder

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81
Q

percent of people with antisocial personality disorder that also have gambling disorder

A

23% of people with antisocial personality disorder

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82
Q

psychodynamic theory for antisocial personality disorder

A

an absence of parental love as child, leading to a lack of basic trust and to them becoming emotionally distant

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83
Q

behavioral factors for antisocial personality disorder

A

operant conditioning and modeling

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84
Q

evidence that conditioning reinforces antisocial personality disorder

A

higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents and close relatives of people with this disorder

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85
Q

operant conditioning and antisocial personality disorder

A

some parents teach unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by regularly rewarding a child’s aggressive behavior (ex: giving in to child’s aggression to restore peace)

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86
Q

cognitive factors for antisocial personality disorders

A

they hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs and they struggle understanding points of view or feelings other than their own

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87
Q

biological factors for antisocial personality disorder

A

inherit a biological predisposition to antisocial personality disorder, particular genes, low serotonin activity, and dysfunction in certain brain structures

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88
Q

percent of identical twins and percent of fraternal twins with antisocial personality disorder

A

67% for identical twins and 31% for fraternal twins

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89
Q

brain structures that are dysfunctional (poor interconnectivity) in people with antisocial personality disorder

A

prefrontal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
temporal cortex

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90
Q

what do the brain structures involved in antisocial personality disorder do?

A

help people follow rules, plan and execute realistic strategies, display sympathy, display judgement, and display empathy

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91
Q

stress reactions of those with antisocial personality disorder

A

lower brain and bodily arousal, such as slow automatic arousal and slow EEG waves

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92
Q

why do people with antisocial personality disorder have a hard time learning from negative experiences

A

they don’t feel as much anxiety as other people do

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93
Q

biological need for people with antisocial personality disorder

A

the need for more excitement and arousal

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94
Q

effectivity of treatments for antisocial personality disorder

A

typically ineffective

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95
Q

problems that get in the way of treatment for people with antisocial personality disorder

A

their lacking a conscience, a desire to change, or respect for therapy

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96
Q

cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of antisocial personality disorder

A

guide patients to think about moral issues and needs of other people (not well supported by research)

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97
Q

approach taken by some hospitals in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder

A

a therapeutic community where people with antisocial personality disorder are taught responsibility toward others

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98
Q

do antipsychotics help in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder?

A

they do not consistently found to be useful in addressing the overall antisocial pattern

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99
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity

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100
Q

a deep feeling many people with borderline personality disorder struggle with

A

a deep feeling of emptiness

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101
Q

percent of people with borderline personality disorder that struggle with another psychological disorder

A

85%

102
Q

other psychological disorders that people with borderline personality disorder struggle with

A

major depressive disorder or an eating disorder

103
Q

in what way does the physical discomfort resulting from self-injury improve the emotional suffering of those with borderline personality disorder?

A

physical discomfort “snaps” them out of an “emotional overload”, the feelings of emptiness, boredom, and identity confusion

104
Q

percent of people with borderline personality disorder that attempt suicide at least once in their lives

A

70%

105
Q

percent of people with borderline personality disorder that die by suicide

A

10%

106
Q

relationships of those with borderline personality disorder

A

intense, conflict-ridden relationships in which their feelings are not necessarily shared by the other person; they idealize the other person’s qualities and abilities

107
Q

description of the dramatic identity shifts of those with borderline personality disorder

A

goals, aspirations, friends, or even sexual orientation may shift rapidly

108
Q

percent of adult population that displays borderline personality disorder

A

6%

109
Q

percent of people with borderline personality disorder that are women

A

75%

110
Q

when does borderline personality disorder peak?

A

during young adulthood

111
Q

object relations theory for borderline personality disorder

A

an early lack of acceptance by parents may lead to a loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with separation

112
Q

parents of people with borderline personality disorder

A

neglectful, abusive, and unreliable

113
Q

percent of identical twins and percent of fraternal twins for borderline personality disorder

A

35% for identical twins and 19% for fraternal twins

114
Q

neurotransmitter that has lower activity in the brains of those with borderline personality disorder

A

serotonin

115
Q

what is low serotonin linked to

A

depression, suicide, aggression, and impulsivity

116
Q

amygdala in people with borderline personality disorder

A

hyperactive

117
Q

hippocampus in people with borderline personality disorder

A

underactive

118
Q

prefrontal cortex in people with borderline personality disorder

A

underactive

119
Q

what do the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex do?

A

help people plan well, form accurate judgements, make good decisions, exercise self-control, and express emotions properly

120
Q

sociocultural theory for borderline personality disorder

A

borderline personality disorder is particularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly

121
Q

integrative explanations for borderline personality disorder

A

biosocial explanation and developmental psychopathology explanation

122
Q

biosocial explanation for borderline personality disorder

A

borderline personality disorder results from a combination of internal forces and external forces

123
Q

is there research support for biosocial explanation for borderline personality disorder?

A

some, but not consistent research support

124
Q

developmental psychopathology explanation for borderline personality disorder

A

also believe in combination of internal and external forces, but they place emphasis on how influential parent-child relationships are in the development of borderline personality disorder

125
Q

attachment style connected to borderline personality disorder

A

disorganized attachment style

126
Q

cognitive ability that people with borderline personality disorder struggle with

A

mentalization

127
Q

mentalization

A

people’s capacity to understand their own mental states and those of other people (needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, and goals)

128
Q

result of poor ability to mentalize in people with borderline personality disorder

A

poor ability to control emotions, attention, thinking, behavior, and their relationships

129
Q

why is psychotherapy difficult for people with borderline personality disorder?

A

it is difficult for the therapist to balance empathizing with the client’s dependency and challenging their way of thinking

130
Q

forms of psychoanalytic therapy that has had some success in the treatment of borderline personality disorder

A

relational psychoanalytic therapy and transference-focused psychotherapy

131
Q

relational psychoanalytic therapy and transference-focused therapy

A

these approaches take a more supportive posture and focuses on issues that occur in the therapist-patient relationship

132
Q

goals of psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of borderline personality disorder

A

provide an empathetic setting, explore unconscious conflicts, pay attention to the central relationship disturbance, to their poor sense of self, and to their pervasive loneliness and emptiness

133
Q

new-wave cognitive-behavioral approach for the treatment of borderline personality disorder

A

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

134
Q

treatment of choice for borderline personality disorder

A

DBT

135
Q

who developed DBT?

A

Marsha Linehan

136
Q

the two components of DBT

A

weekly individual therapy and group skill building sessions

137
Q

the special emphasis of DBT

A

the self-harm and suicidal tendencies of those with borderline personality disorder

138
Q

other approaches that DBT borrows elements from

A

psychodynamic and humanistic approaches

139
Q

purpose of social skill-building groups in DBT

A

help clients practice new ways of relating to other people in a safe environment and receive validation and support from other group members

140
Q

is DBT effective in treatment of borderline personality disorder?

A

yes, DBT is effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder

141
Q

most effective way that psychotropic drugs can be used in the treatment of borderline personality disorder

A

psychotropic drugs alongside psychotherapy approaches

142
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

extremely emotion (“emotionally charged”) and continually seek to be the center of attention

143
Q

old name for histrionic personality disorder

A

hysterical personality disorder

144
Q

characteristics of people with histrionic personality disorder

A

they are always “on stage”; they exaggerate ordinary events; they are grandiose; they change themselves to gain attention; their speech lacks substance; vain, self-centered, demanding, and unable to delay gratification for long

145
Q

the way in which people with histrionic personality disorder exaggerate their relationships

A

they consider themselves to be intimate friends of people who see them as no more than casual acquaintances

146
Q

gender that is most often diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder due to bias

A

women

147
Q

percent of adults with histrionic personality disorder

A

2%

148
Q

psychodynamic explanation for histrionic personality disorder

A

cold and controlling parents make their children fear abandonment, and these children seek attention at all costs to protect themselves from the fear of loss

149
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation for histrionic personality disorder

A

they become less and less interested in knowing about the world at large because they are so self-focused and emotional; this is why their speech lacks substance and why they are so dependent

150
Q

assumption held by people with histrionic personality disorder

A

that they are helpless to care for themselves

151
Q

sociocultural, particularly multicultural, explanation for histrionic personality disorder

A

cultural norms and expectations that women are supposed to display dependence throughout their development

152
Q

why treating histrionic personality disorder is so difficult

A

they are seductive, demanding, and will pretend to have insights or make changes in order to please the therapist

153
Q

how can therapists deal with the issues involved with the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A

therapists must remain objective and maintain strict professional boundaries

154
Q

cognitive-behavioral approach toward the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A

help them change their belief that they are helpless and to develop better, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems

155
Q

the aim of therapists in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A

to help the clients recognize their excessive dependency, find inner satisfaction, cope better, and become more reliant

156
Q

other psychotherapy approaches used in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A

psychodynamic therapy and group therapy

157
Q

is psychotherapy useful in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder?

A

yes, therapy is useful in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

158
Q

way in which drug therapy helps in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A

it helps to relieve the depressive symptoms some people with histrionic personality disorder have

159
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others

160
Q

why are people with narcissistic personality disorder so choosy about who they are friends with?

A

they believe their problems are unique and can be appreciated only by other “special”, high-status people

161
Q

ways in which people with narcissistic personality disorder react to criticism

A

with rage or embitterment; with cold indifference; with a sense of inadequacy, humiliation, pessimism, or depression

162
Q

percent of adults with narcissistic personality disorder

A

6.2% of adults

163
Q

percent of people with narcissistic personality disorder that are men

A

75%

164
Q

psychodynamic explanation for narcissistic personality disorder

A

cold, rejecting parents create people that are ashamed, unsatisfied, and wary of the world; these people combat this by repeatedly telling themselves that they are actually perfect

165
Q

object relations therapists’ explanation for the grandiosity of people with narcissistic personality disorder

A

their grandiosity is a way for them to convince themselves that they are totally self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships with their parents or anyone else

166
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation for narcissistic personality disorder

A

they were treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life; rewarding children for minor accomplishments or no accomplishment at all

167
Q

sociocultural explanation for narcissistic personality disorder

A

“eras of narcissism” in society create self-centered, materialistic youths that have short attention spans

168
Q

cultures most prone to “eras of narcissism”

A

western cultures such as the United States

169
Q

why is narcissistic personality disorder one of the most difficult personality disorders to treat?

A

they are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others, or to incorporate feedback from others

170
Q

psychodynamic approach to the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

A

help people recognize and work through their underlying insecurities and defenses

171
Q

cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

A

redirect the client’s focus onto the opinions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, increase their ability to empathize, and change their all-or-nothing notions

172
Q

the focus of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

A

the self-centered thinking of people with narcissistic personality disorders

173
Q

cluster of personality disorders that are characterized as making people display anxious and fearful behavior

A

Cluster C or “Anxious” Personality Disorders

174
Q

range of effectiveness of the treatment for anxious personality disorders

A

modest to moderate effectiveness

175
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, fear rejection, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation

176
Q

other psychological disorder very similar to avoidant personality disorder

A

social anxiety disorder

177
Q

key difference between social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder

A

people with social anxiety disorder fear social circumstances, while people with avoidant personality disorder fear close social relationships

178
Q

percent of adults who have avoidant personality disorder

A

2% of adults

179
Q

men and women who have avoidant personality disorder

A

men just as likely as women to have avoidant personality disorder

180
Q

psychodynamic explanation for avoidant personality disorder

A

feelings of shame and insecurity caused by parents punishing children for accidents; result in person feeling unlovable

181
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation for avoidant personality disorder

A

harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that others will always judge them negatively; failure to develop social skills

182
Q

reason why people with avoidant personality disorder do not have good social skills

A

they avoid the social situations that would strengthen their social skills

183
Q

why do people with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy?

A

to find acceptance and affection

184
Q

why do people with avoidant personality disorder have a hard time staying in therapy?

A

they avoid the sessions, distrust the therapist’s sincerity, and start to fear the clinician’s rejection

185
Q

effectiveness of treatment for avoidant personality disorder

A

modestly effective

186
Q

psychodynamic treatment of avoidant personality disorder

A

help clients recognize and resolve the unconscious conflicts that may be operating

187
Q

cognitive-behavioral treatment for avoidant personality disorder

A

help clients change their distressing beliefs and thoughts, carry on in the face of painful emotions, improve their self-image, provide social skills training, and exposure treatment

188
Q

how is group therapy useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder?

A

group therapy, especially those that follow cognitive and behavioral principles, have the added advantage of providing clients with practice in social interactions

189
Q

effectiveness of drug therapy in treatment of avoidant personality disorder

A

antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes useful in reducing the social anxiety of people with avoidant personality disorder

190
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of; they fear that they cannot care for themselves, so they cling to their relationships, even if they are abusive

191
Q

other disorders that people with dependent personality disorder are prone to have

A

depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders

192
Q

percent of the population with dependent personality disorder

A

less than 1% of the population

193
Q

men and women with dependent personality disorder

A

men and women just as likely to have dependent personality disorder

194
Q

psychodynamic explanations for dependent personality disorder

A

unconscious conflicts in oral stage of development create lifelong need for nurturance; parents are overcontrolling and overprotective, increasing their child’s dependency, insecurity, and separation anxiety

195
Q

object relations theory for dependent personality disorder

A

parental loss or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation, leaving some children with fears of abandonment that persist throughout their lives

196
Q

behavioral factors for the cause of dependent personality disorder

A

parents rewarded clingy behavior and punished independent behavior in their children; parents served as a model for dependent behavior

197
Q

cognitive factors for the cause of dependent personality disorder

A

maladaptive attitudes help to produce and maintain dependent personality disorder; dichotomous (black-and-white) thinking may also play a key role

198
Q

key task of the treatment of dependent personality disorder

A

to help patients accept responsibility for themselves

199
Q

why might the treatment of dependent personality disorder involve the family?

A

because of the domineering behaviors of the spouse or parent may be influencing the patient’s symptoms of dependence

200
Q

how helpful is treatment for dependent personality disorder?

A

at least moderately helpful

201
Q

psychodynamic treatment for dependent personality disorder

A

focus on the transference of dependency needs onto the therapist

202
Q

behavioral interventions for dependent personality disorder

A

therapists provide assertiveness training to help the individuals better express their own wishes in relationships

203
Q

cognitive interventions for dependent personality disorder

A

therapists try to help the clients challenge their assumptions of incompetence and helplessness

204
Q

how might group therapy help in the treatment of dependent personality disorder?

A

it provides opportunities to receive support from a number of peers and each of the members model for each other how to express feelings and solve problems

205
Q

how is antidepressant drug therapy useful in the treatment of dependent personality disorder?

A

it helps people whose personality disorder is accompanied by depressions

206
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency

207
Q

percent of adults with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

7.9%

208
Q

men and women with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

men twice as much as women

209
Q

other psychological disorder that seems related, but not directly, to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

210
Q

other disorders people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are likely to have instead of obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

major depressive disorder, an anxiety disorder, or a substance use disorder

211
Q

Freudian theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

harsh toilet training during the anal stage fills them with anger and they remain fixated on this stage, and they resist their anger by becoming extremely orderly and restrained

212
Q

psychodynamic theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

early struggles with parents over control and independence may ignite the aggressive impulses at the root of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

213
Q

cognitive-behavioral theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

illogical thinking maintain the disorder, dichotomous thinking may produce rigidity and perfectionism, and people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder misread or exaggerate the potential outcomes of mistakes or errors

214
Q

psychodynamic therapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

help clients recognize, experience, and accept their underlying feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limitations

215
Q

cognitive-behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

help the clients change their dichotomous— “all or nothing” — thinking, perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, indecisiveness, procrastination, and chronic worrying

216
Q

drug that may help treat obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

SSRIs

217
Q

what factor is often left out in discussions about personality disorders?

A

the cultural context

218
Q

how might culture explain why 75% of those with borderline personality disorder are women?

A

women experience many of the traumatic experiences that are often prerequisites for the development of borderline personality disorder

219
Q

in light of culture, how should borderline personality disorder be treated?

A

like a special form of posttraumatic stress disorder

220
Q

in the light of culture, what is borderline personality disorder a reaction to?

A

persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure

221
Q

in light of culture, what is borderline personality disorder attributable to?

A

social inequalities rather than psychological factors

222
Q

system of personality that can be used to describe personality disorders

A

the Big Five theory of personality

223
Q

the Big Five includes these five traits

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)

224
Q

some of the subfactors of neuroticism

A

anxiety and hostility

225
Q

some of the subfactors of extroversion

A

optimism and friendliness

226
Q

the way in which personality disorders would be described using the Big Five

A

as being high, low, or in between on the five supertraits

227
Q

avoidant personality disorder in the Big Five

A

high neuroticism
medium agreeableness
medium conscientiousness
low extroversion
low openness to new experiences

228
Q

narcissistic personality disorder in the Big Five

A

high neuroticism
high extroversion
medium conscientiousness
medium openness to new experiences
low agreeableness

229
Q

while the ICD-II has already adopted its dimensional approach, has the DSM adopted its dimensional approach?

A

No, the DSM only offers the dimensional model as a proposed system of classification. It may one day become the official system of classification.

230
Q

diagnosis for people with a personality disorder under the DSM-5-TR’s dimensional approach

A

personality disorder-trait specified (PDTS)

231
Q

what does a diagnosis of someone with personality disorder-trait specified identify?

A

identifies and lists the problematic traits and rates the severity of impairment caused by them

232
Q

the five groups of problematic traits under the DSM-5-TR’s dimensional approach

A

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism

233
Q

negative affectivity definition

A

people with negative affectivity experience negative emotions frequently and intensely

234
Q

subtraits of negative affectivity

A

emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, and strong emotional reactions

235
Q

emotional lability definition

A

unstable emotions

236
Q

perseveration definition

A

repetition of certain behaviors despite repeated failures

237
Q

strong emotional reactions definition

A

overreactions to emotionally arousing situations

238
Q

detachment definition

A

people who manifest detachment tend to withdraw from other people and social interactions

239
Q

subtraits of detachment

A

restricted emotional reactivity, depressivity, suspiciousness, withdrawal, anhedonia, and intimacy avoidance

240
Q

restricted emotional reactivity definition

A

little reaction to emotionally arousing situations

241
Q

anhedonia

A

inability to feel pleasure or take interest in things

242
Q

antagonism definition

A

people who display antagonism behave in ways that put them at odds with other people

243
Q

subtraits of antagonism

A

manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility

244
Q

disinhibition definition

A

people who manifest disinhibition behave impulsively, without reflection on potential future consequences

245
Q

subtraits of disinhibition

A

irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, and imperfection/disorganization

246
Q

psychoticism definition

A

people who display psychoticism have unusual and bizarre experiences

247
Q

subtraits of psychoticism

A

unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and cognitive and perceptual dysregulation

248
Q

cognitive and perceptual dysregulation definition

A

odd thought processes and sensory experiences

249
Q

what would make an individual qualified to receive a diagnosis for personality disorder-trait specified?

A

being impaired significantly by any of the five trait groups, or even by just 1 of the 25 traits that make up those groups

250
Q

how are traits rated in terms of their severity of impairment?

A

on a five-point scale from rating=0 (“little or no impairment”) to a rating=4 (“extreme impairment”)

251
Q

criticism made about the DSM-5-TR’s dimensional approach

A

it gives diagnosticians an enormous range of personality patterns to diagnose

PSY 366 - Psychological Disorders - Test 3 (8 decks)

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